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The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Display Categories 3. Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) 3.1. Color CRTs 3.2. Electron Optics 3.3. Phosphors 3.4. Trends 4. Flat Panels and Matrix Addressing 4.1. Light‐Generating (Active) Displays 4.1.1. Gas Discharge 4.1.1.1. Alternating‐Current Plasma Displays 4.1.1.2. Plasma Display Addressing 4.1.1.3. Remaining Problems for Plasma Displays 4.1.2. Cathodoluminescence 4.1.2.1. Vacuum Fluorescence Displays (VFDs) 4.1.2.2. Field‐Emission Displays (FEDs) 4.1.3. Electroluminescence 4.1.3.1. Visible Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 4.1.3.2. Organic and Polymer Light Emitting Diodes 4.1.3.3. Electroluminescence in Inorganic Materials 4.2. Light Modulating (Passive) Displays 4.2.1. Liquid Crystal Displays 4.2.1.1. Fundamental Operation 4.2.1.2. Simple Matrix‐Addressed LCDs 4.2.1.3. Novel Addressing Schemes for Direct‐Addressed STN LCDs 4.2.2. Reflective LCDs for Low‐Power Systems 4.2.2.1. Reflective LCDs with Polarizers 4.2.2.2. Polarizer‐Free Reflective LCDs 4.2.3. Bistable Liquid Crystal Devices 4.2.4. Active Matrix‐Addressed Liquid Crystal Displays (AMLCDs) 4.2.4.1. Fundamental Properties 4.2.4.2. Manufacturing Issues 4.2.4.3. Viewing Angle Improvements 4.2.4.4. System Performance 4.2.4.5. Large Area Liquid Crystal Displays 4.2.5. Microparticle‐Based Displays 4.2.5.1. Electrophoretic Displays 4.2.5.2. Rotating Ball Displays (Gyricon) 4.2.6. Direct View Microelectromechanical Systems 5. Projection Displays 5.1. Projection CRT 5.2. Liquid Crystal Projection 5.2.1. Transmissive Projection LCDs 5.2.2. Reflective Projection LCDs 5.3. Micromechanical Light Valve Projection
The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 2. Display Categories 3. Cathode Ray Tubes (CRTs) 3.1. Color CRTs 3.2. Electron Optics 3.3. Phosphors 3.4. Trends 4. Flat Panels and Matrix Addressing 4.1. Light‐Generating (Active) Displays 4.1.1. Gas Discharge 4.1.1.1. Alternating‐Current Plasma Displays 4.1.1.2. Plasma Display Addressing 4.1.1.3. Remaining Problems for Plasma Displays 4.1.2. Cathodoluminescence 4.1.2.1. Vacuum Fluorescence Displays (VFDs) 4.1.2.2. Field‐Emission Displays (FEDs) 4.1.3. Electroluminescence 4.1.3.1. Visible Light Emitting Diodes (LEDs) 4.1.3.2. Organic and Polymer Light Emitting Diodes 4.1.3.3. Electroluminescence in Inorganic Materials 4.2. Light Modulating (Passive) Displays 4.2.1. Liquid Crystal Displays 4.2.1.1. Fundamental Operation 4.2.1.2. Simple Matrix‐Addressed LCDs 4.2.1.3. Novel Addressing Schemes for Direct‐Addressed STN LCDs 4.2.2. Reflective LCDs for Low‐Power Systems 4.2.2.1. Reflective LCDs with Polarizers 4.2.2.2. Polarizer‐Free Reflective LCDs 4.2.3. Bistable Liquid Crystal Devices 4.2.4. Active Matrix‐Addressed Liquid Crystal Displays (AMLCDs) 4.2.4.1. Fundamental Properties 4.2.4.2. Manufacturing Issues 4.2.4.3. Viewing Angle Improvements 4.2.4.4. System Performance 4.2.4.5. Large Area Liquid Crystal Displays 4.2.5. Microparticle‐Based Displays 4.2.5.1. Electrophoretic Displays 4.2.5.2. Rotating Ball Displays (Gyricon) 4.2.6. Direct View Microelectromechanical Systems 5. Projection Displays 5.1. Projection CRT 5.2. Liquid Crystal Projection 5.2.1. Transmissive Projection LCDs 5.2.2. Reflective Projection LCDs 5.3. Micromechanical Light Valve Projection
FED is drawing attentions as one of the most promising flat panel displays and as a real successional display to CRT. For 20 years, many institute and companies have coped with the development of FEDs. However, the development of FEDs did not proceed on schedule. Recently, some breakthroughs have been made in FED technologies. At present FEDs are on the eve of coming into mass production. The paper describes the latest status of SEDs, Spint-type FEDs, and CNT-FEDs.
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