“…Modification by adding higher valence elements or cations with smaller radii are able to preserve the metastable phases at room temperature. Various oxides, including TiO 2 [31], SnO 2 [32], ZrO 2 [33], HfO 2 [33], Ta 2 O 5 [30,[34][35][36], Nb 2 O 5 [26,36], MoO 3 [36], and WO 3 [31,36], have been investigated to prepare the metastable bismuth oxide phases. Among these oxides, zirconia is widely used in dentistry due to its high compatibility, mechanical strength, good abrasion resistance, and chemical stability.…”