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Balk, R.A.

doi:10.1186/cc1511

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…A particular difference of our work is that the EAA measurement and other laboratory data as well as blood cultures were done on identical blood samples. Therefore, the present results could be more reliable than those of previous studies, which showed differences between the results of the EAA and incidence of documented Gram-negative infections [3,8]. Similar to previous investigations, our study is limited in that the study patients had the decision whether to perform an EAA made on the basis of clinical bedside assessment of suspicion of sepsis rather than studying all ICU patients.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Combining intermediate levels of the Endotoxin Activity Assay (EAA) with other biomarkers in the assessment of patients with sepsis: results of an observational study

et al. 2012

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IntroductionThe Endotoxin Activity Assay (EAA) is a useful test to risk stratify patients with severe sepsis and assess for Gram negative infection. However, the significance of intermediate levels of EAA (0.4-0.59) at the bedside has not been well elucidated. The purpose of this study was to interpret intermediate EAA levels in clinical practice.MethodsThis retrospective observational study included all adult patients with suspected sepsis admitted to our medico-surgical intensive care unit (ICU) in whom EAA was measured from July 2008 to September 2011. Data collected included EAA, white blood cell (WBC) count and differential, C-reactive protein (CRP), procalcitonin (PCT) and bacterial cultures. Data were analyzed by comparative statistics.ResultsTwo hundred and ten patients were studied. Ninety two (43%) patients had culture documented gram negative infection. Patients with Gram-negative organisms in cultures had significantly higher EAA levels (0.47, IQR 0.27) than those without any Gram-negative organisms in cultures (0.34, IQR 0.22) (p < 0.0001). For patients with intermediate EAA levels (0.40 to 0.59), PCT levels and presence of left shift of WBC significantly differed between patients with Gram negative organisms in their blood or other cultures and those who had no organisms in any of the cultures (4.9 versus 1.7 ng/mL, p < 0.05; 57.9 versus 18.9%, p < 0.0004, respectively).ConclusionsWe confirm that high levels of EAA in our cohort of patients with suspected sepsis are strongly associated with gram negative infection. In those patients with intermediate elevation in EAA levels, use of PCT and WBC differential can provide additional diagnostic value to clinicians at the bedside.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 74%

Combining intermediate levels of the Endotoxin Activity Assay (EAA) with other biomarkers in the assessment of patients with sepsis: results of an observational study

et al. 2012

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“…To find an ideal template for fabricating such an HRA film, the popular simple and low-cost method to prepare wrinkled elastomers was adopted. [42] In terms of the choice of ionic gel materials, as a gel electrolyte widely used in the field of energy storage, PVA/H 3 PO 4 is an excellent material for ionic gel layer due to its high ionic conductivity and good flexibility. Due to the characteristics of film formation, PVA/H 3 PO 4 can not only be used for molding to prepare the dielectric layer, but also can be used for coating and transfer silver nanowire films to prepare flexible electrodes.…”

Section: Experimental Characterization For Hra-based Iontronic Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…where, ε c and t are the critical strain, releasing strain and thickness of the hard thin layer, respectively. [42] It is clear from Equations ( 4) and ( 5), the ripple wavelength and ripple amplitude are influenced obviously by releasing strain (ε) and critical strain (ε c ). Due to the fact that ε depends on the length of the prestretch while ε c belongs to the intrinsic property of the used material, the fold pattern obtained by releasing the stretched PDMS film is regulable and stable.…”

Section: Experimental Characterization For Hra-based Iontronic Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Due to the fact that ε depends on the length of the prestretch while ε c belongs to the intrinsic property of the used material, the fold pattern obtained by releasing the stretched PDMS film is regulable and stable. [42] Meanwhile, as a result of the existing surface silicon oxide layer with a certain thickness (t), the peaks and valleys of the as-formed sinusoidal folds show different curvatures. Thus, the PDMS film patterned with such sinusoidal folds could serve as an ideal template to assist the fabrication of HRA iontronic film.…”

Section: Experimental Characterization For Hra-based Iontronic Sensormentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bioinspired Design of Hill‐Ridge Architecture‐Based Iontronic Sensor with High Sensibility and Piecewise Linearity

Qin

Zhang

Zheng

et al. 2021

Adv Materials Technologies

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Flexible pressure sensors can by further classified into four general types based on the mechanisms: resistive, [3][4][5][6] capacitive, [7][8][9][10][11][12] piezoelectric, and triboelectric [13][14][15][16][17][18] type. Particularly, capacitive sensors are quite attractive due to their low power consumption and fast response time. However the confined electrode distance restricted its sensitivity, making it subject to parasitic charges and environmental electromagnetic noises. [19] In 2011, Pan's group originally demonstrated a new sensing mechanism, known as iontronic sensing. [20] Owing to the supercapacitive nature of the electrical double layer (EDL), the values order of unit area capacitance (UAC) could rocket from pF cm -2 to nF cm -2 even μF cm -2 , therefore the novel iontronic sensors usually show a much higher sensitivity compared with traditional capacitive sensors. [21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31] Despite significant progress in improving sensitivity, linear and wide detection range is still highly desirable in many applications. [32] To improve linear sensing performance, different structural designs have been proposed. For instance, hierarchical and multilayer structure provide linear output for resistive sensors; [33][34][35] linear response of capacitive sensors was achieved by regulating the dielectric constant variation with deformation. [36] However, these methods cannot be applied directly to iontronic sensors due to their disparate sensing mechanisms. Analogous strategies suitable for iontronic sensors yet still need to be studied. Furthermore, in a defined dynamic range, high sensitivity in the beginning consumes a major deformation and thus the sensing range is limited. Conversely, a sensor with wide sensing range can hardly detect slight pressure. Therefore, it is still a challenge to balance the sensitivity and wide sensing-range. Coincidentally, nature has already provided the answer. Evolving through natural selection, insects have evolved a variety of adaptations to adapt to different habitats. To adapt the environmental stimuli with several orders of magnitude, different receptors are employed to perceive slight and big pressure respectively. For instance, the insect organs used for mechanical transduction can be morphologically divided into tactile hairs and campaniform sensilla. [37] Different structures are used to detect different magnitudes of forces to achieve corresponding functions. Figure 1a shows the microstructures of mechanoreceptors of a parasitoid fly. As

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Optimum treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock: evidence in support of the recommendations

Balk

2004

Disease-a-Month

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Untitled

Cited by 5 publications

References 15 publications

Combining intermediate levels of the Endotoxin Activity Assay (EAA) with other biomarkers in the assessment of patients with sepsis: results of an observational study

Combining intermediate levels of the Endotoxin Activity Assay (EAA) with other biomarkers in the assessment of patients with sepsis: results of an observational study

Bioinspired Design of Hill‐Ridge Architecture‐Based Iontronic Sensor with High Sensibility and Piecewise Linearity

Optimum treatment of severe sepsis and septic shock: evidence in support of the recommendations

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