A 1.5-GHz 6.144T Correlations/s 64 $\times $ 64 Cross-Correlator With 128 Integrated ADCs for Real-Time Synthetic Aperture Imaging

Bell, John L.; Knag, Phil; Sun, Shuanghong; Lim, Yong; Chen, Thomas; Fredenburg, Jeffrey A.; Chen, Chia‐Hsiang; Zhai, Chunyang; Rocca, A. Z.; Collins, Nicholas R.; Tamez, Andres; Pernillo, Jorge; Correll, Justin M.; Tanner, Alan; Zhang, Zhengya; Flynn, Michael P.

doi:10.1109/jssc.2017.2660059

Cited by 9 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…The digital correlators can be implemented using FPGA [11], graphics processing units (GPUs) [12], and application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) [13,14,15,16]. GPUs use a peripheral component interconnect express (PCIe) interface to communicate with peripherals, which cannot connect with analog-to-digital convertors (ADCs), and lead to extra complexity when capturing sampled results.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 1-GHz 64-Channel Cross-Correlation System for Real-Time Interferometric Aperture Synthesis Imaging

Guo

Asif

et al. 2019

Sensors

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We present a 64-channel 1-bit/2-level cross-correlation system for a passive millimeter wave imager used for indoor human body security screening. Sixty-four commercial comparators are used to perform 1-bit analog-to-digital conversion, and a Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) is used to perform the cross-correlation processing. This system can handle 2016 cross-correlations at the sample frequency of 1GHz, and its power consumption is 48.75 W. The data readout interface makes it possible to read earlier data while simultaneously performing the next correlation when imaging at video rate. The longest integration time is up to 68.7 s, which can satisfy the requirements of video rate imaging and system calibration. The measured crosstalk between neighboring channels is less than 0.068%, and the stability is longer than 10 s. A correlation efficiency greater than 96% is achieved for input signal levels greater than −25 dBm.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 1-GHz 64-Channel Cross-Correlation System for Real-Time Interferometric Aperture Synthesis Imaging

Guo

Asif

et al. 2019

Sensors

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“…According to the different realization methods, correlators can be divided into digital correlators and analog correlators. The digital correlator has the advantages of high stability and flexible configuration, but it will introduce quantization noise in the quantization process, resulting in deterioration in correlation efficiency and temperature sensitivity [14,15]. The analog correlator has the advantages of large bandwidth, high sensitivity, and low cost [16][17][18]; therefore, it is adopted in the correlation radiometer system to meet the high-precision requirements of human body temperature measurement.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Design of a Compact Analog Complex Correlator for Millimeter-Wave Radiation Temperature Measurement System

Dong

et al. 2023

Micromachines

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Human body temperature is a fundamental physiological sign that reflects the state of physical health. It is important to achieve high-accuracy detection for non-contact human body temperature measurement. In this article, a Ka band (32 to 36 GHz) analog complex correlator using the integrated six-port chip is proposed, and a millimeter-wave thermometer system based on the designed correlator is completed for human body temperature measurement. The designed correlator utilizes the six-port technique to achieve large bandwidth and high sensitivity, and miniaturization of the correlator is achieved through an integrated six-port chip. By performing the single-frequency test and the broadband noise measurement on the correlator, we can determine that the dynamic range of input power of the correlator is −70 dBm to −35 dBm, and the correlation efficiency and equivalent bandwidth are 92.5% and 3.42 GHz, respectively. Moreover, the output of the correlator varies linearly with the input noise power, which reveals that the designed correlator is suitable for the field of human body temperature measurement. Then, a handheld thermometer system, with a size of 140 mm × 47 mm × 20 mm, is proposed using the designed correlator, and the measurement results show that the temperature sensitivity of the thermometer is less than 0.2 K.

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“…Generally, the correlator can be implemented using either analog or digital technology. Compared with the digital correlator, the analog correlator has the advantages of large bandwidth, high sensitivity, and low cost [8][9][10]; therefore, it is adopted in our passive millimeter-wave security imager. In addition, the analog correlator can be implemented using either the direct multiplication technology [11,12] or the add-and-square technology [13,14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Compact Broadband Analog Complex Correlator with High Correlation Efficiency for Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging System

Chen

et al. 2022

Electronics

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In this paper, the design, fabrication, and measurement of a compact broadband (4–8 GHz) analog complex correlator for a passive millimeter-wave imaging system are presented. To achieve high sensitivity and high integration of the imaging system, the wideband and miniaturization of the correlator are required. The correlator achieves wide bandwidth by using the add-and-square method, which is composed of a six-port circuit and a detection circuit. In order to realize the miniaturization of the correlator, the six-port circuit is realized on the chip base on the 0.15-μm gallium arsenide (GaAs) process. The influence of mismatch of the detection circuit that employs zero-bias Schottky diodes on the correlator is also analyzed to guide the design of the correlator. The measurement results of the designed chips and detector are consistent with the simulation result. Finally, a Sweep-frequency test is applied to the designed correlator, and the measurement results show that, within the frequency range of 4–8 GHz, the correlation amplitude fluctuation is less than 1.9 dB and the correlation efficiency is larger than 99%, which reveal that the correlator is suited for interferometric passive millimeter-wave imaging applications.

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A 1.5-GHz 6.144T Correlations/s 64 $\times $ 64 Cross-Correlator With 128 Integrated ADCs for Real-Time Synthetic Aperture Imaging

Cited by 9 publications

References 12 publications

A 1-GHz 64-Channel Cross-Correlation System for Real-Time Interferometric Aperture Synthesis Imaging

A 1-GHz 64-Channel Cross-Correlation System for Real-Time Interferometric Aperture Synthesis Imaging

Design of a Compact Analog Complex Correlator for Millimeter-Wave Radiation Temperature Measurement System

A Compact Broadband Analog Complex Correlator with High Correlation Efficiency for Passive Millimeter-Wave Imaging System

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