A 22.3-nW, 4.55 cm<sup>2</sup> Temperature-Robust Wake-Up Receiver Achieving a Sensitivity of −69.5 dBm at 9 GHz

Jiang, Haowei; Wang, Po-Han Peter; Gao, Li; Pochet, Corentin; Rebeiz, Gabriel M.; Hall, Drew A.; Mercier, Patrick P.

doi:10.1109/jssc.2019.2948812

Cited by 44 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…The commonly used figure of merit definition [40] is used here to establish a relatively thorough comparison of the state‐of‐the‐art WuRXs. It includes the aspect of receiver power consumption, sensitivity and latency FoM LAT [40]:

\begin{array}{r}\hfill {FoM}_{\text{LAT}}=-{P}_{\text{SEN,dBm}}-10\cdot {\mathrm{log}}_{10}\left(\frac{{P}_{\text{WuRX}}}{1\,\text{mW}}\right)-5\cdot {\mathrm{log}}_{10}\left({T}_{\text{lat}}\right)\end{array}

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The latency of a WuRX describes a time period that the WuRX takes from the moment it receives the first symbol of a wake‐up packet until it sends out the power‐on signal to its main radio. Modern WuRXs such as [3, 10, 11, 16, 19–21, 23, 33, 40] deploy a correlator to sense and differentiate their wake‐up code from other codes and noise that appear in the same channel. In this context, the latency directly results from the data rate of a WuRX and the bit length of a wake‐up packet L bit :

{T}_{\text{lat}}=\frac{{L}_{\text{bit}}}{DR}

…”

Section: Top‐level System Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A 5.5–7.5‐GHz band‐configurable wake‐up receiver fully integrated in 45‐nm RF‐SOI CMOS

Protze

Ellinger

2022

IET Circuits, Devices & Syst

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This work investigates a 5.5–7.5‐GHz band‐configurable duty‐cycled wake‐up receiver (WuRX) fully implemented in a 45‐nm radio‐frequency (RF) silicon‐on‐insulator (SOI) complementary‐metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS) technology. Based on an uncertain intermediate frequency (IF) super‐heterodyne receiver (RX) topology, the WuRX analogue front‐end (AFE) incorporates a 5.5–7.5‐GHz band‐tunable low‐power low‐noise amplifier, a low‐power Gilbert mixer, a digitally controlled oscillator (DCO), a 100‐MHz IF band‐pass filter (BPF), an envelope detector, a comparator, a pulse generator and a current reference. By application of duty cycling with a low duty cycle below 1%, the power consumption of the AFE was significantly reduced. In addition, the on‐chip digital bank‐end consists of a frequency divider, a phase corrector, a 31‐bit correlator and a serial peripheral interface. A proof‐of‐concept WuRX circuit occupying an area of 1200 μm by 900 μm has been fabricated in a GlobalFoundries 45‐nm RF‐SOI CMOS technology. Measurement results show that at a data rate of 64 bps, the entire WuRX consumes only 2.3 μW. Tested at 8 operation bands covering 5.5–7.7 GHz, the WuRX has a measured sensitivity between −67.5 dBm and −72.4 dBm at a wake‐up error rate of 10−3. With the sensitivity unchanged, the data rate of the WuRX can be scaled up to 8.2 kbps. To the authors' best knowledge, this work offers the largest RF bandwidth from 5.5 to 7.5 GHz, the most operation channels (≥8) and the fastest settling time (<115 ns) among the WuRXs reported to date.

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\begin{array}{r}\hfill {FoM}_{\text{LAT}}=-{P}_{\text{SEN,dBm}}-10\cdot {\mathrm{log}}_{10}\left(\frac{{P}_{\text{WuRX}}}{1\,\text{mW}}\right)-5\cdot {\mathrm{log}}_{10}\left({T}_{\text{lat}}\right)\end{array}

…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

{T}_{\text{lat}}=\frac{{L}_{\text{bit}}}{DR}

…”

Section: Top‐level System Considerationsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A 5.5–7.5‐GHz band‐configurable wake‐up receiver fully integrated in 45‐nm RF‐SOI CMOS

Protze

Ellinger

2022

IET Circuits, Devices & Syst

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“…Matching networks in direct-ED architectures are typically designed using high-Q off-chip inductors to maximize the achievable output impedance, and thus, the voltage gain. Voltage gains on the order of 25-30 dB have been demonstrated at sub-GHz frequencies [6] [7] [8], with lower gains like 13.5 dB at 9 GHz [9]. High gain achievement may ultimately be limited by component tolerances and matching in practical applications.…”

Section: A Direct Demodulationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Low-frequency zeros can be added using an off-chip capacitor between sources of the input pairs to achieve a bandpass response for filtering low-frequency flicker noise and reducing the DC gain. In addition, global CMFB techniques for DC-coupling have been demonstrated by introducing an additional feedback loop [9], for example, by utilizing an auxiliary amplifier to sense the tail nodes of the baseband amplifiers and drive the ED commonmode voltage.…”

Section: E Baseband Amplifiers and Techniquesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low-Power RF Wake-Up Receivers: Analysis, Tradeoffs, and Design

Mercier

Calhoun

Wang

et al. 2022

IEEE Open J. Solid-State Circuits Soc.

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Wake-up receivers (WuRXs) offer a potentially energy-efficient means to enable asynchronous wake-up of higherpower and higher-performance radios without needing frequent (often energy-expensive) synchronization. Since WuRXs are typically on for a large percentage of the time, keeping their power consumption very low is critical to minimizing total energy draw. However, this is difficult while maintaining good sensitivity, interference resiliency, and robustness, all with application-appropriate wake-up latencies and form factors. This article reviews the main challenges facing WuRXs, outlines the most popular WuRX architectures, and details essential design techniques and trade-offs towards enabling utility in emerging applications.

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“…Moody et al proposed in [23] a NCOOK WuR achieving a sensitivity of -76 dBm at a frequency of 151.8 MHz, and a bitrate of 200 b/s with a total power consumption of 7.6 nW. Furthermore, Jiang et al proposed in [24] a temperature-robust NCOOK-based WuR consuming 22.3 nW at 9 GHz with a sensitivity of -69.5 dBm and a bitrate of 33.3 b/s.…”

Section: A Wake-up Receiversmentioning

confidence: 99%

MEES-WuR: Minimum Energy Coding With Early Shutdown for Wake-Up Receivers

Djidi

Gautier

Courtay

et al. 2021

IEEE Trans. on Green Commun. Netw.

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One of the main challenges of wireless sensor networks is to maintain sensor nodes alive as long as possible, and a lot of efforts are dedicated to enable energy efficient communications. Wake-Up Receivers (WuRs) represent a promising solution for reducing the power consumption of nodes by enabling asynchronous communications. However, to achieve an ultra-low power consumption, WuRs circuits are kept as simple as possible, inducing a low sensitivity and thus a short range communication. As channel coding improves sensitivity, we propose to take advantage of the computing capability of the WuRs to apply a specific channel coding. The novelty resides in applying Minimum Energy coding with an Early Shutdown (MEES) of WuRs based on On-Off Keying (OOK) detectors. Both theoretical derivations and Monte-Carlo simulations show that the proposed coding scheme improves the reliability. Moreover, Moreover, MEES has been implemented on a non-coherent WuR prototype, and it is shown through experimentation that WuR reliability can be raised up to 22% compared to uncoded communications. Moreover, both the energy consumption and the latency can be significantly decreased thanks to the shutdown mechanism of MEES.

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A 22.3-nW, 4.55 cm² Temperature-Robust Wake-Up Receiver Achieving a Sensitivity of −69.5 dBm at 9 GHz

Cited by 44 publications

References 15 publications

A 5.5–7.5‐GHz band‐configurable wake‐up receiver fully integrated in 45‐nm RF‐SOI CMOS

A 5.5–7.5‐GHz band‐configurable wake‐up receiver fully integrated in 45‐nm RF‐SOI CMOS

Low-Power RF Wake-Up Receivers: Analysis, Tradeoffs, and Design

MEES-WuR: Minimum Energy Coding With Early Shutdown for Wake-Up Receivers

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A 22.3-nW, 4.55 cm2 Temperature-Robust Wake-Up Receiver Achieving a Sensitivity of −69.5 dBm at 9 GHz

Cited by 44 publications

References 15 publications

A 5.5–7.5‐GHz band‐configurable wake‐up receiver fully integrated in 45‐nm RF‐SOI CMOS

A 5.5–7.5‐GHz band‐configurable wake‐up receiver fully integrated in 45‐nm RF‐SOI CMOS

Low-Power RF Wake-Up Receivers: Analysis, Tradeoffs, and Design

MEES-WuR: Minimum Energy Coding With Early Shutdown for Wake-Up Receivers

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A 22.3-nW, 4.55 cm² Temperature-Robust Wake-Up Receiver Achieving a Sensitivity of −69.5 dBm at 9 GHz