A 256×256 CMOS active pixel image sensor with motion detection

Dickinson, Alexander; Ackland, B.; Eid, E.-S.; Inglis, D.; Fossum, Eric R.

doi:10.1109/isscc.1995.535533

Cited by 46 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…25 By appropriately setting the gate voltage of the reset transistor in an APS pixel blooming can be avoided. In a photogate APS, the signal is transfered to a sense node that is decoupled from the photodetector.…”

Section: Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

“…19,26 This not only provides useful signal amplification and enables the implementation of CDS, but can also be used to perform motion detection and frame differencing. 25 The reset transistor can also be used to enhance dynamic range using the well capacity adjusting scheme. 27 Higher dynamic range can also be achieved via individual reset, 28 i.e., where each pixel can have its own exposure time.…”

Section: Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

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<title>Pixel-level processing: why, what, and how?</title>

1999

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Pixel level processing promises many significant advantages including high SNR, low power, and the ability to adapt image capture and processing to different environments by processing signals during integration. However, the severe limitation on pixel size has precluded its mainstream use. In this paper we argue that CMOS technology scaling will make pixel level processing increasingly popular. Since pixel size is limited primarily by optical and light collection considerations, as CMOS technology scales, an increasing number of transistors can be integrated at the pixel. We first demonstrate that our argument is supported by the evolution of CMOS image sensors from PPS to APS. We then briefly survey existing work on analog pixel level processing and pixel level ADC. We classify analog processing into intrapixel and interpixel. Intrapixel processing is mainly used to improve sensor performance, while interpixel processing is used to perform early vision processing. We briefly describe the operation and architecture of our recently developed pixel level MCBS ADC. Finally we discuss future directions in pixel level processing. We argue that interpixel analog processing is not likely to become mainstream even for computational sensors due to the poor scaling of analog compared to digital circuits. We argue that pixel level A/D conversion will become increasingly popular since it minimizes analog processing, and requires only simple and imprecise circuits to implement. We then discuss the inclusion of digital memory and interpixel digital processing in future technologies to implement programmable digital pixel sensors.

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Section: Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Historical Perspectivementioning

confidence: 99%

<title>Pixel-level processing: why, what, and how?</title>

1999

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“…The proposed chip has an architecture generally similar to former CMOS APS designs [9]. However, to accommodate full random access control, i.e., independent reset and readout 0018-9200/97$10.00 © 1997 IEEE per pixel, two sets of row and column controls are provided (Fig.…”

Section: Chip Architecturementioning

confidence: 99%

CMOS active pixel sensor star tracker with regional electronic shutter

Yadid-Pecht

Pain

Staller

et al. 1997

IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits

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Abstract-A 64 2 64 element CMOS active pixel sensor (APS)for star tracker applications is reported. The chip features an innovative regional electronic shutter through the use of an individual pixel reset architecture. Using the regional electronic shutter, each star in the field of view can have its own integration period. This way, simultaneous capture of bright stars with dim stars is accommodated, enabling a large increase in tracker capability. The chip achieves 80 dB dynamic range, 50 e-rms read noise, low dark current, and excellent electronic shutter linearity.Index Terms-Active pixel sensors, dynamic range, electronic shutter, image sensors, photodiode arrays.

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“…A FIFO stores the address and event type alongside the analog value of the pixel signaling a motion event. Previous implementations for temporal intensity transient sensing are either significantly larger and/or more complex than the proposed architecture [3], [4] (28, 13 transistor pixel, respectively), do not provide rectified ON and OFF output channels [4]- [6], or do not provide an analog image output alongside the detection indicator [3], [5], [6]. Unlike previous change-coding imagers, intensity change events are used to gate data transmission, leading to efficient transmission of task relevant information.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%