In recent years, cloud computing technology is maturing in the process of growing. Hadoop originated from Apache Nutch and is an open-source cloud computing platform. Moreover, the platform is characterized by large scale, virtualization, strong stability, strong versatility, and support for scalability. It is necessary and far-reaching, based on the characteristics of unstructured medical images, to combine content-based medical image retrieval with the Hadoop cloud platform to conduct research. This study combines the impact mechanism of senile dementia vascular endothelial cells with cloud computing to construct a corresponding data retrieval platform of the cloud computing image set. Moreover, this study uses Hadoop’s core framework distributed file system HDFS to upload images, store the images in the HDFS and image feature vectors in HBase, and use MapReduce programming mode to perform parallel retrieval, and each of the nodes cooperates with each other. The results show that the proposed method has certain effects and can be applied to medical research.