A 3D musculoskeletal model of the western lowland gorilla hind limb: moment arms and torque of the hip, knee and ankle

Goh, Colleen; Blanchard, Mary L.; Crompton, Robin H.; Günther, Michael; Macaulay, Sophie; Bates, Karl T.

doi:10.1111/joa.12651

Cited by 15 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 84 publications

(285 reference statements)

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“…The constant in this equation is specific muscle tension. Similar values were used in other studies on musculoskeletal models in vertebrates, including hominoids (Goh et al, 2017; Hutchinson et al, 2015; O'Neill et al, 2013; Umberger et al, 2003). However, different equations were used to calculate the MTU properties in the human shoulder model that we use for comparison (Nikooyan et al, 2011).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Exploring the functional morphology of the Gorilla shoulder through musculoskeletal modelling

et al. 2021

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Musculoskeletal computer models allow us to quantitatively relate morphological features to biomechanical performance. In non‐human apes, certain morphological features have long been linked to greater arm abduction potential and increased arm‐raising performance, compared to humans. Here, we present the first musculoskeletal model of a western lowland gorilla shoulder to test some of these long‐standing proposals. Estimates of moment arms and moments of the glenohumeral abductors (deltoid, supraspinatus and infraspinatus muscles) over arm abduction were conducted for the gorilla model and a previously published human shoulder model. Contrary to previous assumptions, we found that overall glenohumeral abduction potential is similar between Gorilla and Homo. However, gorillas differ by maintaining high abduction moment capacity with the arm raised above horizontal. This difference is linked to a disparity in soft tissue properties, indicating that scapular morphological features like a cranially oriented scapular spine and glenoid do not enhance the abductor function of the gorilla glenohumeral muscles. A functional enhancement due to differences in skeletal morphology was only demonstrated in the gorilla supraspinatus muscle. Contrary to earlier ideas linking a more obliquely oriented scapular spine to greater supraspinatus leverage, our results suggest that increased lateral projection of the greater tubercle of the humerus accounts for the greater biomechanical performance in Gorilla. This study enhances our understanding of the evolution of gorilla locomotion, as well as providing greater insight into the general interaction between anatomy, function and locomotor biomechanics.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 90%

Exploring the functional morphology of the Gorilla shoulder through musculoskeletal modelling

et al. 2021

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“…Conclusively, impingement and dislocation are associated with parts of excessive small parameters of HROMs that are determined by inclination and anteversion of cups. The ways to study HROMs include cadaver study, CT three-dimension reconstruction, and skeletal muscle model ( Martin et al, 2008 ; Mccarthy et al, 2016 , 2017 ; Ezquerra et al, 2017 ; Goh et al, 2017 ; Jamari et al, 2017 ; Ohmori et al, 2017 ; Sonntag et al, 2017 ). Using cadaveric hip, Martin ( Martin et al, 2008 ) demonstrated not only the impingement between bones or prostheses but also the limitations among ligaments, muscle, and capsule, which reflected the real situation of dislocation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This method is highly repeatable but lacks the effect of soft tissue. The skeletal muscle model reconstructs both bones and soft tissues, such as joint capsules, muscles, and ligaments ( Goh et al, 2017 ). It can predict the role of soft tissue in hip dislocation, but the soft tissue assessment by finite element analysis is very complicated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Personalized Cup Positioning Guides Improved Cup Positioning and Hip Ranges of Motion in Robotic Assisted Total Hip Arthroplasty

Wang

Zheng

et al. 2020

Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol.

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Objective: Precise hip cup positioning is essential for the prevention of component impingement and dislocation in robotic assisted total hip arthroplasty (THA). Currently, the robotic system uses a mechanical alignment guide (MAG) for cup placement, which is one-size-fits-all, and the optimal cup positioning is controversial. Robotic assisted THA has not used any personalized cup positioning guides. The goal of this study was to identify an optimal guide for cup placement in robotic assisted THA to improve prognosis and life quality after THA. Materials and Methods: Pelvis and femoral CT data of 47 participants were retrospectively collected for preoperative planning of robotic THA. The universal MAG guide and three personalized guides, including acetabular rim labrum guide (ARLG), transverse acetabular ligament guide (TALG), and ischiatic-pubis line guide (IPLG), were used to pose cups in the acetabulum of each participant. The position of cups was evaluated by inclination and anteversion; the function of hip joints was evaluated by hip ranges of motion, including abduction, adduction, extension, flexion, internal rotation, and external rotation. Results: In terms of cup positioning, ARLG provided a bigger cup inclination (p < 0.0001), while IPLG and TALG provided smaller cup inclination (p < 0.001) than MAG; the three personalized guides provided larger cup anteversion (p < 0.0001) than MAG. In terms of HROMs, compared with the use of MAG, the use of three personalized guides significantly decreased abduction (p < 0.0001), extension (p < 0.0001), and external rotation (p < 0.0001), but increased significantly flexion (p < 0.0001) and internal rotation (p < 0.0001); the use of ARLG significantly reduced adduction (p < 0.0001), but the use of IPLG and TALG increased adduction (p < 0.0001).

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“…Hip extension capability was essentially human-like in Australopithecus afarensis and Australopithecus africanus, suggesting an economical walking gait but reduced mechanical advantage for powered hip extension during climbing.’ Contra Lovejoy et al (2016) who unequivocally attribute a short ischium in Homo to running, Kozma et al (2018) demonstrate that a short ischium greatly enhances distance travelled for energy consumed in walking. But it is worth noting that musculoskeletal modelling by some of us (Goh et al, 2017) showed that in terms of joint moments and torques exerted by all major lower limb extrinsic muscles, the ability of gorillas to walk bipedally is not limited by their adaptations for quadrupedalism and vertical climbing.…”

Section: Functional Interpretationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Functional Anatomy, Biomechanical Performance Capabilities and Potential Niche of StW 573: anAustralopithecusSkeleton (circa 3.67 Ma) From Sterkfontein Member 2, and its significance for The Last Common Ancestor of the African Apes and for Hominin Origins

Crompton

McClymont

Thorpe

et al. 2018

Preprint

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300 words) 50 51 StW 573, from Sterkfontein Member 2, dated ca 3.67 Ma, is by far the most complete 52 skeleton of an australopith to date. Joint morphology is in many cases closely matched in 53 available elements of Australopithecus anamensis (eg. proximal and distal tibial and humeral 54 joint-surfaces) and there are also close similarities to features of the scapula, in particular , of 55 KSD-VP-1/1 A. afarensis from Woranso-Mille. The closest similarities are, however, to the 56 partial skeleton of StW 431 from Sterkfontein Member 4. When considered together, both 57 StW 573 and StW 431 express an hip joint morphology quite distinct from that of A. 58 africanus Sts14, and a proximal femur of a presumed A. africanus from Jacovec Cavern at 59 Sterkfontein, StW 598. This, and other evidence presented herein, suggests there are two 60 pelvic girdle morphs at Sterkfontein, supporting Clarke (2013) in his recognition of a second 61 3 species, A. prometheus, containing StW 573 and StW 431. StW 573 is the first hominid 62 skeleton where limb proportions are known unequivocally. It demonstrates that some early 63 hominins, at the time of formation of the Laetoli footprints (3.6 Ma), were large-bodied. with 64 hindlimbs longer than forelimbs. Modelling studies on extant primates indicate that the 65 intermembral index (IMI) of StW 573, low for a non-human great ape, would have 66 substantially enhanced economy of bipedal walking over medium-to-long distances, but that 67 it was still too high for effective walking while load-carrying. It would, however, have 68 somewhat reduced the economy of horizontal climbing, but made Gorilla-like embracing of 69 large tree-trunks less possible. Consideration of both ethnographic evidence from modern 70 indigenous arboreal foragers and modern degeneracy theory cautions against prescriptive 71 interpretations of hand-and foot-function, by confirming that both human-like upright 72 bipedalism and functional capabilities of the hand and foot can be effective in short-distance 73 arboreal locomotion. 74 75 1. Introduction 76 77While it is now largely accepted that there was no phase of terrestrial knucklewalking in 78 hominin evolution (see eg., Dainton and Macho, 1999; Dainton, 2001; Clarke, 2002; Kivell 79 and Schmitt, 2009), and that australopiths show adaptations to both terrestrial bipedalism and 80 arboreal locomotion, there is still no firm consensus on whether the 'arboreal' features of 81 australopith postcrania would have been the subject of positive selection or were selectively 82 neutral anachronisms (Ward 2002(Ward , 2013. The view that the two activities must be 83 substantially mechanically incompatible is still current (see eg., Kappelman et al., 2016). The 84 two alternative paradigms date from extended debates (see eg., Latimer, 1991 versus Stern 85 and Susman, 1991) concerning the significance of the AL-288-1 'Lucy' skeleton of 86 Australopithecus afarensis in 1974. Although some one-third complete, this partial skeleton, 87 and other more recently discovered...

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A 3D musculoskeletal model of the western lowland gorilla hind limb: moment arms and torque of the hip, knee and ankle

Cited by 15 publications

References 84 publications

Exploring the functional morphology of the Gorilla shoulder through musculoskeletal modelling

Exploring the functional morphology of the Gorilla shoulder through musculoskeletal modelling

Personalized Cup Positioning Guides Improved Cup Positioning and Hip Ranges of Motion in Robotic Assisted Total Hip Arthroplasty

Functional Anatomy, Biomechanical Performance Capabilities and Potential Niche of StW 573: anAustralopithecusSkeleton (circa 3.67 Ma) From Sterkfontein Member 2, and its significance for The Last Common Ancestor of the African Apes and for Hominin Origins

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