A Balanced Type 1/Type 2 Response Is Associated with Long-Term Nonprogressive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 Infection

Imami, Nesrina; Pires, António; Hardy, Gareth; Wilson, Jamie; Gazzard, Brian; Gotch, Frances

doi:10.1128/jvi.76.18.9011-9023.2002

Cited by 83 publications

(87 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…HIV-specific CD4 þ and CD8 þ T-cell responses were found to be associated with increased in vitro production of IL-4, but an absence of IL-2, during AIDS progression. 131 In contrast, a balanced cytokine profile was found in LTNPs. 131 On the other hand, in vitro treatment with IL-2 corrects the cell-cycle deregulation observed in CD8 þ T cells from HIV-positive patients, indicating a role of cytokine deficiency in apoptosis of CD8 þ T cells.…”

Section: Role Of Cytokine Milieu In Hiv-specific Cd8 þ T-cell Apoptosismentioning

confidence: 97%

“…131 In contrast, a balanced cytokine profile was found in LTNPs. 131 On the other hand, in vitro treatment with IL-2 corrects the cell-cycle deregulation observed in CD8 þ T cells from HIV-positive patients, indicating a role of cytokine deficiency in apoptosis of CD8 þ T cells. 132 Exogenous cytokines like IL-2, IL-10, IL-12 and IL-15 can inhibit apoptosis of CD8 þ T cells in vitro [133][134][135][136] and augment in vitro the immune functions of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from HIV-infected patients, 137 further supporting the involvement of cytokines in the CD8 þ T-cell loss in HIV infection.…”

Section: Role Of Cytokine Milieu In Hiv-specific Cd8 þ T-cell Apoptosismentioning

confidence: 97%

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Apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells: an HIV evasion strategy

2005

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Section: Role Of Cytokine Milieu In Hiv-specific Cd8 þ T-cell Apoptosismentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Role Of Cytokine Milieu In Hiv-specific Cd8 þ T-cell Apoptosismentioning

confidence: 97%

Apoptosis of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells: an HIV evasion strategy

2005

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“…In contrast to progressors, LTNPs also maintain CD4 related HIV responses [18]. Recent research has shown that they do in fact have increased and maintained expression of perforins associated with their CD8+ HIV-specific T cells [19].…”

Section: Minireviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

New insights into the immunology and evolution of HIV

2003

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Fewer than one million HIV infected individuals are currently receiving anti-retroviral therapy. The limitations of such treatment have underscored the need to develop more effective strategies to control the spread and pathogenesis of HIV. Typically, naturally occurring protective immune responses provide the paradigm for such development. It is now clear however that HIV can utilise the millieu of an activated immune system to its own replicative advantage. Mobilisation of the immune response, intended to thwart the virus, may instead fuel its dissemination, 'immune escape' and spread. The immense genetic variation of HIV contributes to lack of immune control and the development of progressive disease in the majority of infected, untreated individuals. Further delineation of the intimate interactions between the HIV and the immune system will be critical and recent advances in this direction are discussed.

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“…Clinical progressors lack functional HIV-specific CD4 + T cells with proliferative and cytokine-producing capacity, while CD4 + T cells of non-progressors were found to respond to a wide range of HIVantigens from different clades with the production of both type 1 and type 2 cytokines. 30 Strong p24-specific CD4 + T cell responses have also been linked to efficient viral control in primary HIV infection.…”

Section: 5mentioning

confidence: 99%