A case study of gas‐to‐particle conversion in an eastern Canadian forest

Leaitch, W. R.; Bottenheim, J. W.; Biesenthal, T.; Li, S.-M.; Liu, P. S. K.; Asalian, K.; Dryfhout-Clark, Helena; Hopper, Fred; Brechtel, F.

doi:10.1029/1998jd100012

Cited by 89 publications

(71 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…There are several reports for clean, mountain sites: 2.1 nm hr −1 , 1.6 nm hr −1 (Weber et al, 1997), and 3 to 4.5 nm hr −1 (Weingartner et al, 1999). Similar growth rates of 2 to 3 nm hr −1 have been reported for sites in the boreal forest (Mäkelä et al, 1997;Leaitch et al, 1999;Kulmala et al, 2001a), 2 to 5 nm hr −1 over the south Pacific (Weber et al, 1998), and 4.8 nm hr −1 for a rural area impacted by high SO 2 (Verheggen and Mozurkewich, 2002). Dramatically larger growth rates of 360 to 1200 nm hr −1 have been reported by O'Dowd et al (2002) for a site on the coast of Ireland.…”

Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 53%

“…Most reported observations of nucleation have been in more remote locations. These have included coastal areas (O'Dowd et al, 2002;Weber et al, 1998), the marine boundary layer (Covert et al, 1992;Weber et al, 1995), the Arctic (O' Dowd et al, 1997;Wiedensohler et al, 1996), the free troposphere (Clarke, 1992;de Reus et al, 1998), the vicinity of clouds (Hegg et al, 1990;Clarke et al, 1999), remote continental areas (Weber et al, 1997;, over continental forests (Mäkelä et al, 1997;Leaitch et al, 1999;Kulmala et al, 2001b), in semi-rural areas Verheggen and Mozurkewich, 2002) and in urban areas (Woo et al, 2001;Stanier et al, 2004). Thus, it is clear that nucleation can occur in almost any environment, subject to a favorable set of conditions; these seems to include a suitable source of condensable vapor, high UV radiation intensity, low aerosol surface area, and high relative humidity although not all reports agree on the necessity of all these factors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Aerosol particle size distributions in the lower Fraser Valley: evidence for particle nucleation and growth

et al. 2004

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Abstract. Particle size distributions from 9 to 640 nm diameter were measured at Eagle Ridge in the lower Fraser Valley from 13 August to 1 September 2001 as part of the Pacific 2001 Air Quality Study. The site was on top of a ridge, about 300 m above the valley floor, in a predominantly agricultural area about 70 km ESE of Vancouver. To further characterize the particles, their hygroscopic properties (affinity for water) were measured. The maximum of the number distributions was generally between 40 and 100 nm diameter, but the number distribution was sometimes dominated by ultrafine particles with diameters below 40 nm. These ultrafine particles, which appeared to some extent on all days, were frequently associated with elevated levels of CO and NO x , as expected for fresh vehicular emissions. The appearance of these fresh emissions was most pronounced when the growing mixed layer reached the altitude of the site. In contrast, pronounced nucleation events occurred on the five cleanest days; these resulted in particle number concentrations as high as 5×10 4 particles cm −3 and growth rates of 5 to 10 nm hr −1 . Nucleation appears to have been triggered when the UV flux reached about 25 W m −2 . The growth of these newly formed particles was probably driven by the photochemical oxidation of biogenic organic compounds. Dramatic growth events were also observed on the afternoons of the more polluted days; these produced an extremely narrow mode (σ <0.3) at a diameter of about 40 nm. Rainy days showed low number concentrations with the size distributions shifted to small sizes. On one of these days there was evidence of nucleation not far from the site; this may have been occurring in the vicinity of the clouds.Correspondence to: M. Mozurkewich (mozurkew@yorku.ca)

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Section: Introductionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aerosol particle size distributions in the lower Fraser Valley: evidence for particle nucleation and growth

et al. 2004

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“…One could determine the CCN number concentration from a calibration constant applied to deltaV (e.g. Leaitch et al, 1999). Due to the limitations discussed above, it is unreasonable to expect to determine accurate CCN number concentrations using this approach to CCN measurements in the field where the chemical composition may change over time.…”

Section: Water Uptake: Cloud Condensation Nucleus Countermentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bilde and Svenningsson, 2004;Cruz and Pandis, 1997;Hegg et al, 2001;Leaitch et al, 1999;Snider et al, 2003;Stroud et al, 2007). One could determine the CCN number concentration from a calibration constant applied to deltaV (e.g.…”

Section: Water Uptake: Cloud Condensation Nucleus Countermentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of organic compounds on the growth rate of cloud droplets in marine and forest settings

Shantz

Leaitch

Phinney³

et al. 2008

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

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Abstract. Organic matter represents an important fraction of the fine particle aerosol, yet our knowledge of the roles of organics in the activation of aerosol particles into cloud droplets is poor. A cloud condensation nucleus (CCN) counter is used to examine the relative growth rates of cloud droplets for case studies from field measurements on the North Pacific Ocean and in a coniferous forest. A model of the condensational growth of water droplets, on particles dissolving according to their solubility in water, is used to simulate the initial scattering of the droplets as they grow in the CCN counter. Simulations of the growth rates of fine particles sampled in the marine boundary layer of the North Pacific Ocean shows no evidence of natural marine organic material contributing to the CCN water uptake but there is an indication of an influence from organics from diesel ship emissions on the size distribution of sulphate and the ability of these particles to act as CCN. Simulations of the observations of water uptake on biogenic organic aerosol particles sampled in a coniferous forest indicate an impact of the organic on the water uptake rates, but one that is still smaller than that of pure sulphate. The existence of organics becomes important in determining the water uptake as the organic mass increases relative to sulphate. The values of the organic component of the hygroscopicity parameter κ that describes the CCN activity were found to be negligible for the marine particles and 0.02-0.05 for the forest particles.

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“…However, recent field studies have observed particle formation possibly related to iodine chemistry in the marine environment and references within) and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in remote forested regions (Marti et al, Correspondence to: J. B. Burkholder (burk@al.noaa.gov) 1997; Kavouras et al, 1998Kavouras et al, , 1999Leaitch et al, 1999). The evaluation and impact of these sources of new particles is currently an active area of atmospheric research.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laboratory studies of the homogeneous nucleation of iodine oxides

et al. 2004

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Abstract. Laboratory experimental results of iodine oxide nucleation are presented. Nucleation was induced following UV photolysis of CF 3 I or CH 2 I 2 in the presence of excess ozone. Measurements were performed in a 70 L Teflon reactor with new particles detected using an Ultrafine Condensation Particle Counter, UCPC. The experimental results are interpreted using a coupled chemical -aerosol model to derive model parameters assuming single component homogeneous nucleation of OIO. The aerosol model results have been applied in an atmospheric box-model to interpret the possible implications of iodine oxide nucleation in the marine boundary layer. The model calculations demonstrate that IO and OIO concentrations reported in recent field measurements using long path absorption (Allan et al., 2000(Allan et al., , 2001 are not sufficient to account for significant aerosol production either in the coastal or open ocean marine boundary layer using the mechanism presented. We demonstrate that inhomogeneous sources of iodine oxides, i.e. "hot" spots with elevated iodine species emissions, could account for the aerosol production bursts observed in the coastal region near Mace Head, Ireland.

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A case study of gas‐to‐particle conversion in an eastern Canadian forest

Cited by 89 publications

References 48 publications

Aerosol particle size distributions in the lower Fraser Valley: evidence for particle nucleation and growth

Aerosol particle size distributions in the lower Fraser Valley: evidence for particle nucleation and growth

The effect of organic compounds on the growth rate of cloud droplets in marine and forest settings

Laboratory studies of the homogeneous nucleation of iodine oxides

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