A compact field guide to the study of microsaccades: Challenges and functions

Poletti, Martina; Rucci, Michele

doi:10.1016/j.visres.2015.01.018

Cited by 139 publications

(177 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(161 reference statements)

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“…Moreover, with human subjects, to maintain the accuracy of gaze localization throughout a recording session, the eye movement signal is adjusted by frequently re-computing, by means of gaze-contingent techniques, the offset between the estimated center of gaze and the actual line of sight (Poletti and Rucci, 2016). …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movements between saccades: Measuring ocular drift and tremor

Snodderly

Poletti

2016

Vision Research

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Intersaccadic periods of fixation are characterized by incessant retinal motion due to small eye movements. While these movements are often disregarded as noise, the temporal modulations they introduce to retinal receptors are significant. However, analysis of these input modulations is challenging because the intersaccadic eye motion is close to the resolution limits of most eyetrackers, including widespread pupil-based video systems. Here, we analyzed in depth the limits of two high-precision eyetrackers, the Dual-Purkinje Image and the scleral search coil, and compared the intersaccadic eye movements of humans to those of a non-human primate. By means of a model eye we determined that the resolution of both techniques is sufficient to reliably measure intersaccadic ocular activity up to approximately 80 Hz. Our results show that the characteristics of ocular drift are remarkably similar in the two species and that a clear deviation from a scale-invariant spectrum occurs in the range between 50–100 Hz, generally attributed to ocular tremor. The amplitude of this deviation differs on the two axes of motion. In addition to our experimental observations, we suggest basic guidelines to evaluate the performance of eyetrackers and to optimize experimental conditions for the measurement of ocular drift and tremor.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye movements between saccades: Measuring ocular drift and tremor

Snodderly

Poletti

2016

Vision Research

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“…This strategy appears to take advantage of a very small preferred retinal locus of fixation that enhances performance in high-acuity tasks [7]. Together with a substantial body of emerging evidence [23, 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 45], these results suggest that little difference exists between microsaccades and larger saccades in terms of both control and function (for a recent review, see [46]).…”

Section: Types Of Fixational Eye Movementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The unsteady eye: an information-processing stage, not a bug

Rucci

Victor

2015

Trends in Neurosciences

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How is space represented in the visual system? At first glance, the answer to this fundamental question appears straightforward: spatial information is directly encoded in the locations of neurons within maps. This concept has long dominated visual neuroscience, leading to mainstream theories of how neurons encode information. However, an accumulation of evidence indicates that this purely spatial view is incomplete, and that even for static images, the representation is fundamentally spatiotemporal. The evidence for this new understanding centers on recent experimental findings concerning the functional role of fixational eye movements, the tiny movements humans and other species continually perform, even when attending to a single point. Here, we review some of these findings and discuss their functional implications.

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“…During fixations, subjects often make very small eye movements called microsaccades [13,47]. These are saccades with amplitudes of less than 2 ı of visual angle.…”

Section: Eye Tracking: a Gold Standard For Overt Attentionmentioning

confidence: 99%

How to Measure Attention?

Mancaş

Ferrera

2016

From Human Attention to Computational Attention

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Researchers who are interested in attention generally have one or more of the following goals: (1) to identify sources of information in the environment that are selected and prioritized by the observer, (2) to quantify the effect of attention on task performance, and (3) to identify neural correlates of attention. When considering methods to measure attention, it is important to distinguish between overt and covert orienting mechanisms. Overt attention is expressed by movements of the body and can be measured directly by determining the position and velocity of the relevant effectors -primarily the eyes, head, and hands. Covert orienting refers to the ability to direct attention without body movement and is primarily measured by differences in task performance (e.g., reaction time) that cannot be attributed to changes in the external stimulus.In this chapter, we will focus on quantitative techniques that provide finegrain spatial and temporal information about attentive responses at a macroscale. We do not discuss the many psychophysical paradigms that have been used to infer attention based on the speed and accuracy of observer judgments. Micromeasurements of single neuron or several neurons using microelectrodes are not described here. However, in the Chap. 6, the use of microelectrodes to measure single neuron responses is described.At a macroscale, the attentive response can be either measured directly in the brain or indirectly through participants' behavior. Only one of the techniques that M. Mancas ( ) Numediart Institute, University of Mons (UMONS), 31, Bd. Dolez,

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A compact field guide to the study of microsaccades: Challenges and functions

Cited by 139 publications

References 90 publications

Eye movements between saccades: Measuring ocular drift and tremor

Eye movements between saccades: Measuring ocular drift and tremor

The unsteady eye: an information-processing stage, not a bug

How to Measure Attention?

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