A Comparative Approach of Tumor-Associated Inflammation in Mammary Cancer between Humans and Dogs

Abstract

Infiltrating cells of the immune system are widely accepted to be generic constituents of tumor microenvironment. It has been well established that the development of mammary cancer, both in humans and in dogs, is associated with alterations in numbers and functions of immune cells at the sites of tumor progression. These tumor infiltrating immune cells seem to exhibit exclusive phenotypic and functional characteristics and mammary cancer cells can take advantage of signaling molecules released by them. Cancer related inflammation has an important role in mammary carcinogenesis, contributing to the acquisition of core hallmark capabilities that allow cancer cells to survive, proliferate, and disseminate. Indeed, recent studies in human breast cancer and in canine mammary tumors have identified a growing list of signaling molecules released by inflammatory cells that serve as effectors of their tumor-promoting actions. These include the COX-2, the tumor EGF, the angiogenic VEGF, other proangiogenic factors, and a large variety of chemokines and cytokines that amplify the inflammatory state. This review describes the intertwined signaling pathways shared by T-lymphocytic/macrophage infiltrates and important tissue biomarkers in both human and dog mammary carcinogenesis.

Acute phase proteins and biomarkers of oxidative status in feline spontaneous malignant mammary tumours

“…Inflammation and oxidative damage have been associated with several tumours in humans and animals . Furthermore, development of an APP response and of oxidative stress were previously described in human breast cancer and in canine mammary tumours .…”

“…Inflammation and oxidative damage have been associated with several tumours in humans and animals. 8,41,42 Furthermore, development of an APP response and of oxidative stress were previously described in human breast cancer and in canine mammary tumours. [21][22][23][24][25][26] APP and parameters of oxidative status were also proved to be clinically useful biomarkers in feline oncologic diseases, [43][44][45] however, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to comprehensively evaluate the APP and the antioxidant responses of feline spontaneous malignant mammary tumours.…”

Expression and the molecular forms of neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin and matrix metalloproteinase 9 in canine mammary tumours

“…In this study, the majority of immune cells infiltrated in the canine mammary tissues were lymphocytes not neutrophils and macrophages (NGAL‐producing cells), which is somewhat consistent with previous reports. Carvalho et al reported that chronic inflammation is accompanied by various lymphocytic cells, such as T helper, regular T cells, and tumour‐associated M2 macrophages infiltrating into cancer tissues, which represents key elements for new microvessel formation, invasiveness and metastasis . Of note, when CMT samples with infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages were excluded (Figure A), the mean NGAL expression score in the group of normal, benign and malignant CMTs exhibited the same descending order as that noted without exclusion (Figure A).…”

“…Carvalho et al reported that chronic inflammation is accompanied by various lymphocytic cells, such as T helper, regular T cells, and tumour-associated M2 macrophages infiltrating into cancer tissues, which represents key elements for new microvessel formation, invasiveness and metastasis. 47,48 Of note, when CMT samples with infiltration of neutrophils and macrophages were excluded ( Figure 5A), the mean NGAL expression score in the group of normal, benign and malignant CMTs exhibited the same descending order as that noted without exclusion ( Figure 4A). This result indicates that inflammation status unlikely influences the expression of NGAL in CMTs, at least among the samples analysed in the present study.…”

Mixed Mammary Carcinosarcoma in Domesticated Asian Palm Civet (Paradoxurus hermaphroditus).

“…However, this procedure is not satisfactory in canids because of the complex morphology of cells mammary tumours (Dolka et al, 2018). The histopathology and immunohistochemistry are known to be sufficient to analyse cells morphology and glycoprotein markers on the canine mammary tumours (Carvalho et al, 2016). The correct diagnoses facilitate the clinicians to provide precision therapy.…”