A comparative study on Soil Properties and Applications Review with EERA and NERA in İstanbul-MARMARAY Project between Kazlıçeşme to Sirkeci

Abstract

Over the course of history Marmara region in Northwestern Turkey has been the site of numerous destructive earthquakes. Based on historical and instrumental earthquake records, the Marmara sea region is one of the most seismically active regions of the Eastern Mediterranean. The Marmara region is under the influence of the western part of the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) and the N-S extensional regime of Western Turkey. Therefore, the earthquake risk analysis is very important for the MARMARAY Project. 76 km-long MARMARAY Project is an important project not only for Turkey but also for the world because it joins the two continents through railway. It will also serve for a comfortable and healthy way of environment, providing a contemporary solution for urban transportation. Geotechnical and geological parameters of the region were obtained from analyses of seven boreholes. In this paper, using average wave velocities in layers, thickness, density and formation data based on the PS logs, 43 m and 65.5 m depths ranging from 7 different boring logs in a ground-wise different geological regions in İstanbul, ground response functions were obtained. Based on the soil profiles transferred to EERA (Equivalent-Linear Earthquake Site Response Analyses of Layered Soil Deposits) and NERA (Nonlinear Earthquake Site Response Analyses of Layered Soil Deposits) softwares, the rock soil record of August 17, 1999 Kocaeli earthquake in İstanbul-Beşiktaş Ministry of Public Works and Settlement (IBMPWS), response and design spectrums that may be considered crucial in case of an earthquake were obtained. The acceleration record was used as an input motion having PGA value of 0,04287 g (east-west component) which was applied on sublayers (i.e. sand, gravel, clay) using EERA and NERA programs. The analysis is done by keeping constant damping ratio of 5%. Also nonlinear analysis was compared with the linear method of analysis. Stages involved in ground response analyses to develop site-specific response spectra at a soil site are summarized. Some of the known site response analysis methods are summarized and similarities and diff erences between linear and nonlinear methods.

Evaluation of structural properties of Baghdad-Baquba road pavements

“…Distress of flexible pavements may occur due to several causes [1,2] such as unstable subgrade [3][4][5], insufficient subbase or base thickness [6][7][8], poor mix design of the asphaltic layers, high traffic loading, excessive axel loads, and environmental effects [9,10]. These distresses can reduce the serviceability of the pavements and cause severe damages in the vehicles which lead to large losses in money for the persons and community which results in huge losses to the country's economy [11][12][13][14][15].…”

Seismic Microzonation Map for a Fixed-Jacket Platform in the Malay Basin

“…Govindaraju et al (2004) [17], dealing with the existence of seismic hazards, highlighted that the estimation of the site-specific dynamic response of a layered soil deposit must be executed. Beyhan et al (2017) [18] claimed that in any seismic soil structure study, the site response analysis will normally be the first step. The site response analysis or Figure 1.…”

“…Govindaraju et al (2004) [17], dealing with the existence of seismic hazards, highlighted that the estimation of the site-specific dynamic response of a layered soil deposit must be executed. Beyhan et al (2017) [18] claimed that in any seismic soil structure study, the site response analysis will normally be the first step. The site response analysis or ground response analysis (GRa) helps engineers to calculate the natural period for a site, assess amplification of ground motion, and determine various parameters, such as response spectra, which will be used in designing and evaluating structure safety [17].…”

GIS risk analysis of a first-degree seismic zone: Kaynaşlı (Turkey)

“…Turkey to take part in the earthquake zone is a country that should be prepared against earthquakes. For example, Turkey's largest city in İstanbul scientific and technical work is done for the expected major earthquake [12]. The aim of the present study was to reduce earthquake risks in terms of structural damage and to determine necessary preparedness measures by utilizing GIS methods.…”