A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics

Alakunle, Emmanuel; Kolawole, Daniel; Diaz-Cánova, Diana; Alele, Faith; Adegboye, Oyelola; Moens, Ugo; Okeke, Malachy Ifeanyi

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1360586

Cited by 19 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 227 publications

(384 reference statements)

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“…While specific studies directly addressing the role of C7L in MPXV are not prevalent, it is reasonable to infer that C7L could play a similar role in MPXV, given the genetic and functional similarities among members of the orthopoxvirus family. The gene likely contributes to the virus's ability to suppress immune responses, thereby enhancing the survival and transmission of the virus within its host [29,32].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete Genome Sequencing, Annotation, and Mutational Profiling of the Novel Clade I Human Mpox Virus, Kamituga Strain

Masirika,

Kumar,

Dutt

et al. 2024

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: Human Mpox (formerly monkeypox) infection is an emerging zoonotic disease caused by the Mpox virus (MPXV). We describe the complete genome annotation, phylogeny, and mutational profile of a novel, sustained Clade I Mpox outbreak in the city of Kamituga in Eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC). Methodology: A cross-sectional, observational, cohort study was performed among patients of all ages admitted to the Kamituga Hospital with Mpox infection symptoms between late September 2023 and late January 2024. DNA was isolated from Mpox swabbed lesions and sequenced followed by phylogenetic analysis, genome annotation, and mutational profiling. Results: We describe an ongoing Clade I Mpox outbreak in the city of Kamituga, South Kivu Province, Democratic Republic of Congo. Whole-genome sequencing of the viral RNA samples revealed, on average, 201.5 snps, 28 insertions, 81 deletions, 2 indels, 312.5 total variants, 158.3 amino acid changes, 81.66 intergenic variants, 72.16 synonymous mutations, 106 missense variants, 41.16 frameshift variants, and 3.33 inframe deletions across six samples. By assigning mutations at the proteome level for Kamituga MPXV sequences, we observed that seven proteins, namely, C9L (OPG047), I4L (OPG080), L6R (OPG105), A17L (OPG143), A25R (OPG151), A28L (OPG153), and B21R (OPG210) have emerged as hot spot mutations based on the consensuses inframe deletions, frameshift variants, synonymous variants, and amino acids substitutions. Based on the outcome of the annotation, we found a deletion of the D14L (OPG032) gene in all six samples. Following phylogenetic analysis and whole genome assembly, we determined that this cluster of Mpox infections is genetically distinct from previously reported Clade I outbreaks, and thus propose that the Kamituga Mpox outbreak represents a novel subgroup (subgroup VI) of Clade I MPXV. Conclusions: Here we report the complete viral genome for the ongoing Clade I Mpox Kamituga outbreak for the first time. This outbreak presents a distinct mutational profile from previously sequenced Clade I MPXV oubtreaks, suggesting that this cluster of infections is a novel subgroup (we term this subgroup VI). These findings underscore the need for ongoing vigilance and continued sequencing of novel Mpox threats in endemic regions.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Complete Genome Sequencing, Annotation, and Mutational Profiling of the Novel Clade I Human Mpox Virus, Kamituga Strain

Masirika,

Kumar,

Dutt

et al. 2024

J Infect Dev Ctries

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“…The origin of infection is also a significant factor, with the potential for more endemic regions due to animal reservoirs that may transmit back to humans. Poor documentation of local transmission among individuals is another challenge, potentially leading to a rise in asymptomatic individuals without clinical symptoms [ 50 ].…”

Section: Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Feasibility of Elimination of Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: A Systematic Review

Lawrence,

Anejo-Okopi,

Adeseye

2024

Cureus

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Monkeypox is a zoonotic virus with an increasing incidence in Nigeria, posing significant public health challenges. The virus, related to smallpox, primarily spreads through direct contact with infected animals or humans and has been noted for its potential for wider transmission due to changing ecological and social dynamics. This research aims to evaluate the feasibility of eliminating monkeypox in Nigeria through integrated approaches involving vaccination, public health strategies, and ecological management. Additionally, it seeks to propose a unified public health strategy, incorporating One Health principles, to achieve the elimination of monkeypox in Nigeria. A review of the feasibility of eliminating the monkeypox virus in Nigeria was conducted using databases like Science Direct, Cochrane, PubMed, and Medline. The search was guided by the methodologies and reporting guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA). The initial search yielded 89 publications, but the number of articles that required examination was reduced after applying selected keywords and evaluating abstracts. We deemed 32 articles relevant to the subject after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. The findings are analyzed, highlighting their limitations and strengths and discussing practical implications, knowledge gaps, and recommendations for future research. This study provides evidence supporting the feasibility of the elimination of the monkeypox virus in Nigeria. Strategic recommendations for a sustainable public health approach to eliminating monkeypox emphasize preventive measures, community engagement, and ecological preservation. This study will provide critical insights into the feasibility of eliminating monkeypox in Nigeria, offering a model that can be adapted for other regions facing similar challenges. The integration of health, ecological, and community-focused strategies is expected to contribute significantly to global efforts to control and potentially eradicate monkeypox. This research could serve as a foundational study for public health authorities in Nigeria and internationally, informing policy and operational decisions to control and eliminate monkeypox as a public health threat. The monkeypox virus reemerges in Nigeria, increasing mortality rates. Awareness programs should be conducted on its danger, transmission mode, and potential human transmission. Public education on the lack of treatment and vaccines is crucial. Meat inspection laws should be enforced to ensure safe animal consumption.

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Neurological Implications of Poxvirus Infections: Pathogenesis, Neurotropism, and Clinical Manifestations

Alissa,

Alzahrani,

Alsuwat

2024

Reviews in Medical Virology

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Poxviridae is a diverse family of double‐stranded DNA viruses, historically significant for diseases like smallpox caused by variola virus (VARV). These viruses exhibit unique cytoplasmic replication strategies, large genomes encoding numerous proteins, and the ability to cause severe cutaneous and systemic diseases. Recent attention has focused on their neurotropic potential, including mechanisms of CNS invasion, immune‐mediated damage, and clinical manifestations such as encephalitis and myelitis. This review synthesises current knowledge on poxvirus neurotropism, highlighting pathophysiological mechanisms and clinical implications.

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A comprehensive review of monkeypox virus and mpox characteristics

Cited by 19 publications

References 227 publications

Complete Genome Sequencing, Annotation, and Mutational Profiling of the Novel Clade I Human Mpox Virus, Kamituga Strain

Complete Genome Sequencing, Annotation, and Mutational Profiling of the Novel Clade I Human Mpox Virus, Kamituga Strain

The Feasibility of Elimination of Monkeypox Virus in Nigeria: A Systematic Review

Neurological Implications of Poxvirus Infections: Pathogenesis, Neurotropism, and Clinical Manifestations

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