A Comprehensive Review on Electrochemical Nano Biosensors for Precise Detection of Blood-Based Oncomarkers in Breast Cancer

Abstract

Breast cancer (BC), one of the most common and life-threatening cancers, has the highest incidence rate among women. Early diagnosis of BC oncomarkers is considered the most effective strategy for detecting and treating BC. Finding the type and stage of BC in women as soon as possible is one of the greatest ways to stop its incidence and negative effects on medical treatment. The development of biosensors for early, sensitive, and selective detection of oncomarkers has recently attracted much attention. An electrochemical nano biosensor (EN) is a very suitable option for a powerful tool for cancer diagnosis. This comprehensive review provides information about the prevalence and pathobiology of BC, recent advances in clinically available BC oncomarkers, and the most common electrochemical nano biosensors for point-of-care (POC) detection of various BC oncomarkers using nanomaterial-based signal amplification techniques.

Emerging Applications of Nanotechnology in Healthcare and Medicine

“…Biosensors are yet another dimension of application in which nanotechnology has enabled the development of highly sensitive biosensors that can detect even low levels of biomolecules in bodily fluids such as blood and urine, facilitating early detection and disease management [ 20 , 21 ]. Similar applications come in the form of microfluidic devices that incorporate nanomaterials and can be used to isolate and analyze specific cells, proteins, and genetic material, providing rapid and accurate diagnosis of diseases [ 19 , 22 ].…”

“…These devices are made up of nanoscale materials that can detect and respond to changes in the body, allowing for real-time monitoring and personalized treatment [ 26 ]. One of the significant applications of nanotechnology and Lab-on-Chip Technology in healthcare is cancer diagnosis [ 20 , 21 ]. Nanoparticles can be designed to target cancer cells, allowing for early detection and treatment [ 33 ].…”

Advancements in Bio-inspired Self-Powered Wireless Sensors: Materials, Mechanisms, and Biomedical Applications

“…The emergence of new nanomaterials and nanoparticles has aroused interest in immobilizing enzymes on the nanostructures. The existence of abundant functional groups on the surface of nanomaterials, high surface to volume ratio, and ability to transfer electrons have made them acceptable nanoplatforms for the design of biosensors. − More importantly, the small diameter of nanomaterials, which makes them accessible to enzyme active sites, leads to the widespread use of nanomaterials to communicate electronically with redox enzymes . Enzymes immobilized on nanomaterials often show preserved or improved kinetics, activity, durability, and reusability, which can even lead to their superiority over free enzymes. , Especially, the stability enhancement in the self-powered nano-biosensors has been highlighted.…”

The Advancing Role of Nanocomposites in Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment

“…Nanocomposites can be used to create electrochemical biosensors that can detect cancer biomarkers in the blood or other bodily fluids. 50 Graphene, a versatile nanomaterial, is employed in electrochemical biosensors for cancer diagnosis. These sensors demonstrate the potential for rapid, sensitive, and cost-effective detection of cancer biomarkers.…”