A comprehensive review on the pretreatment process in lithium-ion battery recycling

Kim, Seoa; Bang, Jaeyeon; Yoo, Jun-Sang; Shin, Youngjun; Bae, Jihyeon; Jeong, Juyeon; Kim, Kyumin; Dong, Peng; Kwon, Kyungjung

doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126329

Cited by 207 publications

(147 citation statements)

References 103 publications

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“…In particular, an acidic leaching process belonging to hydrometallurgy is mainly used to dissolve the metals because of its simple working conditions, low energy consumption, low dust generation, and high recovery rate [ 7 ]. The obtained leachate goes through a series of chemical processes, such as solvent extraction, chemical precipitation, and an electrochemical process for purifying the metals selectively [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Residual Trace Amounts of Fe and Al in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 Cathode Active Material for the Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

et al. 2021

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As the explosive growth of the electric vehicle market leads to an increase in spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), the disposal of LIBs has also made headlines. In this study, we synthesized the cathode active materials Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 (NMC) and Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3Fe0.0005Al0.0005]O2 (NMCFA) via hydroxide co-precipitation and calcination processes, which simulate the resynthesis of NMC in leachate containing trace amounts of iron and aluminum from spent LIBs. The effects of iron and aluminum on the physicochemical and electrochemical properties were investigated and compared with NMC. Trace amounts of iron and aluminum do not affect the morphology, the formation of O3-type layered structures, or the redox peak. On the other hand, the rate capability of NMCFA shows high discharge capacities at 7 C (110 mAh g−1) and 10 C (74 mAh g−1), comparable to the values for NMC at 5 C (111 mAh g−1) and 7 C (79 mAh g−1), respectively, due to the widened interslab thickness of NMCFA which facilitates the movement of lithium ions in a 2D channel. Therefore, iron and aluminum, which are usually considered as impurities in the recycling of LIBs, could be used as doping elements for enhancing the electrochemical performance of resynthesized cathode active materials.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Residual Trace Amounts of Fe and Al in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 Cathode Active Material for the Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

et al. 2021

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“…Laboratory-scale methods, which excel in the separation of active materials and process efficiency, are mainly focused on leaching and/or subsequent metal recovery. The industrial-scale processes are higher in process capacity and throughput, but separation of metals is less refined [11,13].…”

Section: Pretreatment Of the Recycling Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The previously used division into mechanical separation, mechanochemical processes, thermal treatment, and dissolution processes [21,22] can be described in more apt categories yet. The usual three-step division of battery into discharging, dismantling, and separation (corresponding to laboratory-scale methods) was in [11] extended to a seven-step process: discharging, dismantling, comminution, classification, separation, dissolution, and thermal treatment, that fully captures the techniques applied in the industrial-scale processes.…”

Section: Pretreatment Of the Recycling Processesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent studies describe that the recycling processes of retired automotive LIBs usually start with the pretreatment method, including discharging, dismantling, and any form of treatment (chemical, thermal) [11][12][13]. The recycling processes can be classified into (i) metallurgical/mechanical methods [14,15], including industrially expanded pyrometallurgical and hydrometallurgical technology, and (ii) laboratory examined direct recycling [13,[16][17][18][19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology

2022

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During recent years, emissions reduction has been tightened worldwide. Therefore, there is an increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) that can meet emission requirements. The growing number of new EVs increases the consumption of raw materials during production. Simultaneously, the number of used EVs and subsequently retired lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) that need to be disposed of is also increasing. According to the current approaches, the recycling process technology appears to be one of the most promising solutions for the End-of-Life (EOL) LIBs—recycling and reusing of waste materials would reduce raw materials production and environmental burden. According to this performed literature review, 263 publications about “Recycling of Lithium-ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles” were classified into five sections: Recycling Processes, Battery Composition, Environmental Impact, Economic Evaluation, and Recycling & Rest. The whole work reviews the current-state of publications dedicated to recycling LIBs from EVs in the techno-environmental-economic summary. This paper covers the first part of the review work; it is devoted to the recycling technology processes and points out the main study fields in recycling that were found during this work.

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“…In the recycling process of batteries, the pretreatment of spent batteries, including discharge, dismantling, classification, and separation, usually precedes the hydrometallurgybased recycling process [9]. The hydrometallurgy-based process involves a leaching step to extract desired metals from cathode materials by using leaching agents such as sulfuric acid [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Effect of Excessive Sulfate in the Li-Ion Battery Leachate on the Properties of Resynthesized Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2

et al. 2021

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In order to examine the effect of excessive sulfate in the leachate of spent Li-ion batteries (LIBs), LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (pristine NCM) and sulfate-containing LiNi1/3Co1/3Mn1/3O2 (NCMS) are prepared by a co-precipitation method. The crystal structures, morphology, surface species, and electrochemical performances of both cathode active materials are studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and charge-discharge tests. The XRD patterns and XPS results identify the presence of sulfate groups on the surface of NCMS. While pristine NCM exhibits a very dense surface in SEM images, NCMS has a relatively porous surface, which could be attributed to the sulfate impurities that hinder the growth of primary particles. The charge-discharge tests show that discharge capacities of NCMS at C-rates, which range from 0.1 to 5 C, are slightly decreased compared to pristine NCM. In dQ/dV plots, pristine NCM and NCMS have the same redox overvoltage regardless of discharge C-rates. The omnipresent sulfate due to the sulfuric acid leaching of spent LIBs has a minimal effect on resynthesized NCM cathode active materials as long as their precursors are adequately washed.

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A comprehensive review on the pretreatment process in lithium-ion battery recycling

Cited by 207 publications

References 103 publications

Effect of Residual Trace Amounts of Fe and Al in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 Cathode Active Material for the Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Effect of Residual Trace Amounts of Fe and Al in Li[Ni1/3Mn1/3Co1/3]O2 Cathode Active Material for the Sustainable Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Literature Review, Recycling of Lithium-Ion Batteries from Electric Vehicles, Part I: Recycling Technology

The Effect of Excessive Sulfate in the Li-Ion Battery Leachate on the Properties of Resynthesized Li[Ni1/3Co1/3Mn1/3]O2

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