A critical review of the toxicology of glutaraldehyde

Beauchamp, Robert O.; Clair, M. B.; Fennell, Timothy R.; Clarke, D. O.; Morgan, Kevin T.; Kari, Frank W.

doi:10.1097/00001610-199308000-00018

Cited by 31 publications

(57 citation statements)

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“…The major route of metabolism of GA is oxidization by the kidney and liver to glutaric-γ-semialdehyde, and then to glutaric acid, which is used to synthesize glutaryl CoA, with further metabolism to glutaconyl CoA, crotonyl CoA, β-hydroxybutyryl CoA, and acetyl CoA, and finally CO 2 2) .…”

Section: Pharmacokinetics and Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It was reported that colitis was induced by retention of 2% GA disinfectant in endoscope channels 23,24) . The acute toxicity of GA has been investigated in many studies with various animal species 2,[25][26][27] . Acute peroral LD 50 in rats treated with GA concentrations from 1 to 50% ranged from 12.3 to 1.19 ml/kg, or from 99 to 733 mg GA/kg, respectively.…”

Section: Acute Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has a wide spectrum of medical, scientific and industrial applications. GA is the best disinfectant for cold sterilization of medical equipment 1) and is also used as a fixative in histochemistry and electron microscopy, a developer and fixer in X-ray film processing, a linking material, a leather tanning agent and as an ingredient in cosmetic, toiletry and chemical specialty products 2) . It is irritating and corrosive to the skin, eyes and respiratory tract 3,4) and is recognized as a cause of health problems in those handling it.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Glutaraldehyde Exposure on Human Health

Takigawa

Endo

2006

Journal of Occupational Health

248

147

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Section: Pharmacokinetics and Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Acute Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

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Effects of Glutaraldehyde Exposure on Human Health

Takigawa

Endo

2006

Journal of Occupational Health

248

147

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“…Beauchamp et al [1] suggested that GA is oxidized to semialdehyde and then to glutaric acid. Acidemia is hypothesized to result from glutaric acid accumulation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Glutaraldehyde (GA) is a lowmolecular weight aliphatic dialdehyde used in industrial, scientific and biochemical applications. It is also used as an embalming fluid, a chemical intermediate, a fixative for tissues, for cross-linking protein and polyhydroxy materials, and tanning of soft leathers [1]. It is also used as a disinfectant and in sterilization of endoscopic and surgical instruments [2].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Laryngeal edema and metabolic acidosis after Omnicide® ingestion

Perera¹,

Kularathne²,

Gawarammana³

2008

Clinical Toxicology

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Introduction. Glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium compounds are widely used as disinfectants and sterilizing agents. Glutaraldehyde is irritating to the eyes and upper respiratory tract, and has been associated with occupational asthma. Acute oral ingestion of a concentrated solution has not been previously reported in humans. Case Report. A 19-year-old woman presented after deliberate ingestion of a biocide containing glutaraldehyde and a quaternary ammonium compound. She developed respiratory distress and severe metabolic acidosis 10 hours after admission. Marked laryngeal edema was noted when she was being intubated. She eventually improved following supportive care and was discharged alive after 9 hospital days. Discussion. There are no reports of acute ingestions of both glutaraldehyde and quaternary ammonium compounds. As both these substances are known to cause metabolic acidosis, localized edema, erosion and sensitization of both the respiratory and alimentary tract. The clinical effect may be additive or synergistic. Conclusions. Omnicide ingestion should be closely monitored for metabolic acidosis and laryngeal edema which may progress to upper airway obstruction requiring urgent airway stabilization.

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In vitro evaluation of the genotoxicity of a naturally occurring crosslinking agent (genipin) for biologic tissue fixation

Tsai

Huang

Sung

et al. 2000

J. Biomed. Mater. Res.

165

120

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The objective of the present study was to evaluate in vitro, using Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells, the genotoxicity of genipin, a naturally occurring crosslinking agent. Glutaraldehyde, the most commonly used crosslinking agent for biologic tissue fixation, was employed as a reference chemical. The selected procedures for this evaluation were the micronucleus (MN) and sister chromatid exchange (SCE) assays with or without the addition of a metabolic activation system (S9 mix). Before starting the genotoxicity assays, the maximum noncytotoxic amounts of glutaraldehyde and genipin were determined using the MTT assay. The results obtained in the MTT assay revealed that the cytotoxicity of genipin was significantly lower than that of glutaraldehyde with or without S9 mix. The frequencies of MN observed in the cases drugged with varying concentrations of glutaraldehyde or genipin were not statistically different from those seen in the negative controls (blank) in the presence or absence of S9 mix. However, it was noted that glutaraldehyde significantly inhibited the cell-cycle progression while the cells drugged with genipin did not result in cell-cycle delay. In the SCE assay, the numbers of SCE per cell observed in the cases drugged with varying concentrations of glutaraldehyde were significantly greater than those found in the negative controls with or without S9 mix. Nevertheless, these numbers were still low compared to the numbers of SCE induced by the strong mutagens used as our positive control substances. This suggests that glutaraldehyde may produce a weakly clastogenic response in CHO-K1 cells. In contrast, the numbers of SCE per cell obtained in the cases drugged with genipin were comparable to those observed in the negative controls in those that were except drugged with the highest dose (50 ppm). This suggests that genipin does not cause clastogenic response in CHO-K1 cells provided its concentration is lower than 50 ppm. In conclusion, as far as cytotoxicity and genotoxicity are concerned, genipin is a promising crosslinking agent for biologic tissue fixation.

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A critical review of the toxicology of glutaraldehyde

Cited by 31 publications

References 0 publications

Effects of Glutaraldehyde Exposure on Human Health

Effects of Glutaraldehyde Exposure on Human Health

Laryngeal edema and metabolic acidosis after Omnicide® ingestion

In vitro evaluation of the genotoxicity of a naturally occurring crosslinking agent (genipin) for biologic tissue fixation

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