A curious coincidence: mosquito biodiversity and the limits of the Japanese encephalitis virus in Australasia

Hemmerter, Stéphane; Šlapeta, Jan; Hurk, Andrew F. van den; Cooper, Robert D.; Whelan, Peter I; Russell, Richard C.; Johansen, Cheryl A.; Beebe, Nigel W.

doi:10.1186/1471-2148-7-100

Cited by 62 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Australia has seen several instances of JEV infection, but it does not seem to have become well-established on the mainland; however, Murray Valley encephalitis virus, another in the JEV serocomplex, is a constant threat there. 13,36 There is every reason to believe that JEV will, at some point, be introduced into North America, where WNV and SLEV are endemic. The question is to what extent immunity to these closely related flaviviruses would mitigate an incursion of JEV.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in a Golden Hamster Model and Evaluation of Flavivirus Cross-Protective Immunity

Bosco‐Lauth

Mason²,

Bowen³

2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a mosquito-borne flavivirus endemic to Southeast Asia and surrounding Pacific Islands, and it has most recently emerged in northern Australia. JEV is closely related to West Nile virus (WNV) and St. Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), both endemic to the United States. In the event that JEV is introduced into the Americas, it will be important to determine whether immunity to WNV or SLEV might afford protection from infection and development of viremia in susceptible hosts. We investigated a hamster model of JEV infection and showed that a large fraction of animals infected with either a genotype I or III isolate of virus developed viremia and encephalitic lesions without clinical signs of disease. Using this model, we showed that prior infection with WNV or SLEV, vaccination using a chimeric WNV vaccine, and passive immunization with anti-JEV immune sera prevented viremia in hamsters challenged with JEV.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Pathogenesis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in a Golden Hamster Model and Evaluation of Flavivirus Cross-Protective Immunity

Bosco‐Lauth

Mason²,

Bowen³

2011

The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

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“…There are many papers on aspects of the disease itself that also include the term mosquito but few refer to wetlands. A study by Hemmerter et al (2007) is an example of genetic research relevant to this review. They suggested that the lack of JE in Australia may be related to a different lineage of Culex annulirostris (the major vector in south east Asia), that may not be a very competent vector.…”

Section: Filariasismentioning

confidence: 99%

Wetlands and mosquitoes: a review

Dale

Knight

2008

Wetlands Ecol Manage

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This review brings together information on mosquitoes, the diseases they transmit and the wetlands that provide habitats for the immature stages (eggs and larvae). Wetland values are mentioned, though the main literature on this does not generally overlap the mosquito issue. Mosquito management is overviewed to include: the use of larvicides, source reduction in intertidal wetlands and management in freshwater systems. There is not a great deal of information on mosquitoes and freshwater systems, except for constructed wetlands and they are considered separately. We then consider restoration mainly in the context of wetlands that have been the subject of habitat modification for mosquito control. Land use and climate change, as they affect mosquitoes and the diseases they transmit, are also reviewed, as this will affect wetlands via management activities. Finally the review addresses the critical issue of balancing health, both human and environmental, in an adaptive framework. It concludes that there is a need to ensure that both mosquito and wetland management communicate and integrate to sustain wetland and human health.

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“…On Badu Island, domestic pigs were located at a communal piggery Ϸ2.5 km from the community and within two km of the NPA communities of Injinoo and Umagico. quito populations (Hemmerter et al 2007), assessment of mosquito attractants (van den Hurk et al 2006b), and analysis of host feeding patterns.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) Host Feeding Patterns and Japanese Encephalitis Virus Ecology in Northern Australia

Hall‐Mendelin¹,

Jansen²,

Cheah³

et al. 2012

jnl. med. entom.

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Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) transmission in northern Australia has, in the past, been facilitated by Culex annulirostris Skuse feeding on domestic pigs, the primary amplifying hosts of the virus. To further characterize mosquito feeding behavior in northern Australia, 1,128 bloodmeals from Cx. annulirostris were analyzed using a double-antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Overall, Cx. annulirostris obtained > 94% of blood meals from mammals, comprising marsupials (37%), pigs (20%), dogs (16%), and cows (11%), although the proportion feeding on each of these host types varied between study locations. Where JEV activity was detected, feeding rates on pigs were relatively high. At the location that yielded the first Australian mainland isolate of JEV from mosquitoes, feral pigs (in the absence of domestic pigs) accounted for 82% of bloodmeals identified, representing the first occasion that feeding on feral pigs has been associated with JEV transmission in Australia. Interestingly, < 3% of Cx. annulirostris had fed on pigs at locations on Badu Island where JEV was detected in multiple pools of mosquitoes in a concurrent study. This suggests that either alternative hosts, such as birds, which comprised 21% of blood meals identified, or infected mosquitoes immigrating from areas where domestic pigs are housed, may have contributed to transmission at this location. Because Cx. annulirostris is both an opportunistic feeder and the primary JEV vector in the region, environmental characteristics and host presence can determine JEV transmission dynamics in northern Australia.

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A curious coincidence: mosquito biodiversity and the limits of the Japanese encephalitis virus in Australasia

Cited by 62 publications

References 32 publications

Pathogenesis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in a Golden Hamster Model and Evaluation of Flavivirus Cross-Protective Immunity

Pathogenesis of Japanese Encephalitis Virus Infection in a Golden Hamster Model and Evaluation of Flavivirus Cross-Protective Immunity

Wetlands and mosquitoes: a review

Culex annulirostris (Diptera: Culicidae) Host Feeding Patterns and Japanese Encephalitis Virus Ecology in Northern Australia

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