A deposit model for carbonatite and peralkaline intrusion-related rare earth element deposits

Verplanck, Philip L.; Gosen, Bradley S. Van; Seal, Robert R.; McCafferty, Anne E.

doi:10.3133/sir20105070j

Cited by 39 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 53 publications

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“…Mineral lain yang dijumpai pada cebakan lateritik antara lain adalah magnetit, ilmenit, rutil, dan anatas. Contoh cebakan laterit pada batuan karbonatit, yaitu cebakan LTJ dan torium di tambang Mount Weld, Australia Barat [3]. Batuan karbonatit belum ditemukan di Indonesia tetapi secara genetik batuan karbonatit berasosiasi atau terbentuk dekat dengan batuan beku alkali [3] [6].…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

“…Contoh cebakan laterit pada batuan karbonatit, yaitu cebakan LTJ dan torium di tambang Mount Weld, Australia Barat [3]. Batuan karbonatit belum ditemukan di Indonesia tetapi secara genetik batuan karbonatit berasosiasi atau terbentuk dekat dengan batuan beku alkali [3] [6]. Selain itu studi ini dilakukan terkait semakin terbatasnya lokasi untuk eksplorasi torium pada cebakan timah primer maupun sekunder karena sebagian besar atau hampir semua lokasi cebakan timah di wilayah jalur timah telah ditambang dan meninggalkan sisa-sisa lokasi bekas tambang timah dengan kondisi batuan sudah tidak asli sehingga konsep geologi tidak memungkinkan diterapkan pada waktu kegiatan eksplorasi.…”

Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

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Studi Keterdapatan Torium Pada Endapan Laterit Bauksit di Pulau Singkep Dalam Rangka Pengembangan Eksplorasi Torium di Wilayah Granit Jalur Timah

2018

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ABSTRAKEksplorasi torium di wilayah granit jalur timah pada lima tahun terakhir ditargetkan pada keterdapatan torium di cebakan timah primer maupun sekunder. Pulau Singkep adalah bagian dari Granit Jalur Timah, yang potensial terhadap keberadaan torium, sebagai cebakan primer maupun sekunder. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui karakteristik keterdapatan torium pada laterit bauksit menyangkut kadar torium dan kaitannya dengan keterdapatan mineral radioaktif dan kandungan cerium (Ce), lantanum (La), itrium (Y), dan zirkon (Zr) pada laterit bauksit. Data yang diperoleh dari penelitian ini akan digunakan sebagai bahan evaluasi untuk pengembangan eksplorasi torium pada cebakan laterit bauksit di Indonesia. Metode yang digunakan adalah pemetaan geologi, pengukuran kadar torium, dan pengambilan sampel konsentrat dulang untuk analisis mineral butir dan analisis kadar Ce, La, Y, dan Zr. Litologi yang menyusun daerah penelitian terdiri atas granit lapuk yang telah terubah menjadi laterit bauksit dengan kadar torium berkisar antara 25,9 hingga 177,8 ppm eTh. Konsentrat hasil pendulangan adalah konsentrat zirkon-ilmenit dengan kandungan mineral radioaktif terdiri dari zirkon, monasit, dan anatas. Kadar lantanum pada konsentrat zirkon-ilmenit adalah 0-412 ppm, cerium 0-80 ppm, itrium 27-82 ppm, dan zirkon 9.420-100.000 ppm. Keterdapatan torium pada endapan laterit bauksit di Pulau Singkep berhubungan erat dengan keterdapatan mineral zirkon, monasit, dan anatas. Karakterisrik keterdapatan torium pada endapan laterit bauksit mempunyai kemiripan dengan karakteristik keterdapatan torium pada cebakan timah primer dan sekunder.Kata kunci: geologi, laterit bauksit, torium, logam tanah jarang, Singkep. ABSTRACTThe thorium exploration in the last five years in the granite tin belt region is targeted at thorium availability in primary and secondary tin deposits. Singkep island is the part of granite tin belt which potential for thorium occurences either primer or secondary deposits. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of thorium availability in bauxite laterite deposits concerning thorium content and its relation to the availability of radioactive minerals and cerium (Ce), lanthanum (La), Yttrium (Y), and zircon (Zr)

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Section: Pendahuluanunclassified

Studi Keterdapatan Torium Pada Endapan Laterit Bauksit di Pulau Singkep Dalam Rangka Pengembangan Eksplorasi Torium di Wilayah Granit Jalur Timah

2018

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“…Since the model for peralkaline intrusion-related REE deposits (USGS model no. 11 [8,39,41]) is now better understood, those peralkaline-igneous rocks in GPM districts (Table 1) and those found in the Tran-Pecos belt [165,166,179], many without any surface indications of mineral deposits, should be re-examined for REE, gold, and other critical elements deposits, requiring detailed mapping and geochemical studies in most areas. In addition, some of the GPM districts could have potential for other critical elements (as defined by [10]), such as fluorine, zirconium, scandium, niobium, gallium, beryllium and tellurium.…”

Section: Resources and Future Exploration Potentialmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sierra Blanca consists of five rhyolite domes or laccoliths (Round Top, Little Round Top, Little Blanca, Sierra Blanca and Triple Hill) that host peralkaline intrusion-related REE deposits [41]. The rhyolites are peralkaline to peraluminous [198], 36.2 Ma [166], and enriched in Li, Be, F, Zn, Rb, Y, Zr, Nb, Sn, REE, and Th [175,176].…”

Section: Sierra Blanca (Round Top Mountain)mentioning

confidence: 99%

Rare Earth Elements (REE) Deposits Associated with Great Plain Margin Deposits (Alkaline-Related), Southwestern United States and Eastern Mexico

McLemore

2018

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W.G. Lindgren in 1933 first noted that a belt of alkaline-igneous rocks extends along the eastern edge of the Rocky Mountains and Basin and Range provinces from Alaska and British Columbia southward into New Mexico, Trans-Pecos Texas, and eastern Mexico and that these rocks contain relatively large quantities of important commodities such as, gold, fluorine, zirconium, rare earth elements (REE), tellurium, gallium, and other critical elements. In New Mexico, these deposits were called Great Plain Margin (GPM) deposits, because this north-south belt of alkaline-igneous rocks roughly coincides with crustal thickening along the margin between the Great Plains physiographic province with the Basin and Range (including the Rio Grande rift) and Rocky Mountains physiographic provinces, which extends into Trans-Pecos Texas and eastern Mexico. Since 1996, only minor exploration and development of these deposits in New Mexico, Texas, and eastern Mexico has occurred because of low commodity prices, permitting issues, and environmental concerns. However, as the current demand for gold and critical elements, such as REE and tellurium has increased, new exploration programs have encouraged additional research on the geology of these deposits. The lack of abundant quartz in these systems results in these deposits being less resistant to erosion, being covered, and not as well exposed as other types of quartz-rich deposits, therefore additional undiscovered alkaline-related gold and REE deposits are likely in these areas. Deposits of Th-REE-fluorite (±U, Nb) epithermal veins and breccias are found in the several GPM districts, but typically do not contain significant gold, although trace amounts of gold are found in most GPM districts. Gold-rich deposits in these districts tend to have moderate to low REE and anomalously high tungsten and sporadic amounts of tellurium. Carbonatites are only found in New Mexico and Mexico. The diversity of igneous rocks, including alkaline-igneous rocks, and associated mineral deposits along this boundary suggests that this region is characterized by highly fractionated and differentiated, multiple pulses of mantle-derived magmas evolving to lower crustal magmas related to the subduction of the Farallon plate. The differences in incompatible trace elements, including REE and beryllium, between the different granitic to rhyolite rocks are likely related to either differences in the crustal rocks that were assimilated during magmatic differentiation or by potential minor contamination from crustal sources and/or magma mixing. Deep-seated fracture systems or crustal lineaments apparently channeled the magmas and hydrothermal fluids. Once magmas and metal-rich fluids reached shallow levels, the distribution and style of these intrusions, as well as the resulting associated mineral deposits were controlled by local structures and associated igneous rock compositions.

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“…ankerite carbonatite is an iron-rich carbonatite, such as ankerite [(Ca(Fe,Mg,Mn)(CO 3 ) 2 ] or siderite (Fe 2+ CO 3 ). Natrocarbonatite is a sodium-potassium-calcium-dominant carbonatite, and this very rare igneous rock is best represented by the Ol Doinyo Lengai volcano in northern Tanzania (Verplanck, Van Gosen, Seal, & McCafferty, 2014). Carbonatites are common to regions of faults, being predominantly found within, or close to, the East African Rift Valley (Holtzman & Lehman, 1998).…”

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confidence: 99%

Biogeochemical characterization, phosphorus sources and intrinsic drivers to its speciation within the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria

Guya

2020

Lakes & Reservoirs

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Lake Victoria, like many African great lakes, was formed through tectonic activity that formed East African Rift Valley. The lake's ecology has undergone dramatic reorganization dating back to the 1920s, before agricultural mechanization and high urban populations were observed, transforming from it from a desirable to less desirable state. The present study was conducted to better understand Nyanza Gulf's biogeochemical characteristics, phosphorus sources and the driving forces to their speciation. Five littoral‐limnetic‐littoral transects were sampled for water‐associated phosphorus (soluble reactive phosphorus, SRP; total phosphorus, TPW); sediment‐associated phosphorus (non‐apatite inorganic phosphorus. NAIP); apatite phosphorus, AP; inorganic phosphorus, IP; organic phosphorus, OP; total phosphorus, TPS); elemental compositions (calcium, Ca; iron, Fe; aluminium, Al; manganese, Mn); organic matter (OM); and organic carbon (OC) contents in the sediment. The SRP and TPW concentrations ranged from 22.9 to 142.9 μg/L, and 57.1 to 277.1 μg/L, respectively. The littoral sampling sites exhibited relatively higher TPW concentrations than the limnetic sites. Sheltered bays and sites located off sewerage discharge points had higher NAIP concentrations exceeding 400 mg/kg, compared with strong current areas. The AP and TPS concentrations ranged from 136.7 to 1,511.3 mg/kg, and 512.5 to 2,254.4 mg/kg, respectively. The AP and TPS concentrations were generally higher (>500 mg/kg) within the littoral zones compared to the limnetic zones; with the littoral sites located close to documented carbonatite rock substrates manifesting exceptionally high concentrations. Nyanza Gulf's eutrophic/hypertrophic status is derived highly from shoreline erosions of phosphorus‐enriched carbonatite rocks associated with rift valleys and from municipal sewerage discharges. Re‐afforestation, fringing wetland restorations and tertiary treatment of municipal waste waters are vital for its ecological restoration.

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A deposit model for carbonatite and peralkaline intrusion-related rare earth element deposits

Cited by 39 publications

References 53 publications

Studi Keterdapatan Torium Pada Endapan Laterit Bauksit di Pulau Singkep Dalam Rangka Pengembangan Eksplorasi Torium di Wilayah Granit Jalur Timah

Studi Keterdapatan Torium Pada Endapan Laterit Bauksit di Pulau Singkep Dalam Rangka Pengembangan Eksplorasi Torium di Wilayah Granit Jalur Timah

Rare Earth Elements (REE) Deposits Associated with Great Plain Margin Deposits (Alkaline-Related), Southwestern United States and Eastern Mexico

Biogeochemical characterization, phosphorus sources and intrinsic drivers to its speciation within the Nyanza Gulf of Lake Victoria

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