“…However, given the requirement for massive vessel traffic, metocean, and other data sets to achieve this, a big data processing solution would be required (Abualhaol, Falcon, Abielmona, & Petriu, 2018; Lensu & Goerlandt, 2019). While some work has considered the application of architectures such as Apache Spark or Hadoop for maritime risk analysis (Chatzikokolakis, Zissis, Vodas, Spiliopoulos, & Kotopoulos, 2019; Filipiak et al., 2018; Zhang, Meng, & Fwa, 2019), further research is required to integrate machine learning processes with big data infrastructure for maritime risk assessment.…”