“…However, because emergency events are characterized by randomness, complexity, and uncertainty, it is difficult for conventional emergency measures to address them (Cai, Xu, Wang, & Chen, ; Ding & Liu, ). Therefore, the researches on emergency decision making (EDM) problems have gained increasingly attentions from both scholars and practitioners recently (Ding, Liu, & Shi, ; Gao, Xu, Ren, & Liao, ; Li & Wei, ; Y. Liang, Tu, Ju, & Shen, ; Zhou, Wang, Qin, Chai, & Gómez Muñoz, ).…”