A guide to stratigraphical procedure

Whittaker, A.; Cope, John C. W.; Cowie, J. W.; Gibbons, Wes; Hailwood,; House, M. R.; Jenkins, D. Graham; Rawson, Peter F.; Rushton, Adrian; Smith, David G.; Thomas, A. T.; Wimbledon, William A.P.

doi:10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0813

Cited by 103 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…Intense study of these species has allowed their biostratigraphy to be plotted (Hart et al, 1989) and foraminiferal species assemblages to be identified and 'dated' by comparison to known Species Assemblage Biozones from the literature (cf. Whittaker et al, 1991;Lowe and Walker, 1997). The stratigraphy and structure of the Chalk in England are well known (Peake and Hancock, 1978;Wood and Smith, 1978;Mortimore and Pomerol, 1987) and these data have allowed the outcrop morphology of the different biostratigraphically defined Chalk stages to be mapped ( Figure 2).…”

Section: Biostratigraphymentioning

confidence: 98%

Chalk micropalaeontology and the provenancing of middle pleistocene lowestoft formation till in eastern England

Fish

Whiteman

2001

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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The distribution and deposits of British and Scandinavian Middle Pleistocene ice sheets in eastern England remain problematic. A new till provenancing technique based on Chalk micropalaeontology is described, with the object of refining understanding of the ice sheet which deposited the Lowestoft Formation till (Anglian/Elsterian) and its relationship to Scandinavian ice sheets. The technique involves extracting foraminifera from Chalk erratics and till matrix obtained from stratigraphically controlled till sections and comparing their micropalaeontology with that of Upper Cretaceous Chalk bedrock. Application to the Lowestoft Formation till of eastern England suggests that current models of ice-flow in this region require revision involving reinstatement of some earlier ideas. Chalk provenance data indicate an initial phase of glaciation, with ice streaming southwards across eastern England before fanning across East Anglia from the position of the Fen basin. This was followed by a later phase in which the main southward trajectory of ice-flow was located further east in the North Sea Basin, but again with ice fanning out across East Anglia. These ice-flow trajectories imply constraint of the British ice sheet by Scandinavian ice.

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Section: Biostratigraphymentioning

confidence: 98%

Chalk micropalaeontology and the provenancing of middle pleistocene lowestoft formation till in eastern England

Fish

Whiteman

2001

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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“…Event diachronic stratigraphy (Whittaker et al, 1991;Lowe and Walker, 1997) is a category of composite interpretational stratigraphy that refers to short-term phenomena that left some trace in the geological records. In the case of alluvial filling in foredeep and foreland basins, climate changes and man activities represent the main driving events for hydrodynamical changes of rivers.…”

Section: Integrated Stratigraphymentioning

confidence: 99%

The last 40 ka evolution of the Central Po Plain between the Adda and Serio rivers

Ravazzi¹,

Deaddis²,

Amicis³

et al. 2012

geomorphologie

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We reconstructed the geological evolution and the history of the fluvial network in the central part of the Po Plain in Lombardy, northern Italy, since the Middle Würm. We focused on evidences of dissection and incision of former rivers into the large outwash fans originating from piedmont glaciers of the southern Alps in the Last Glacial Maximum. The studied area is located between the Po River and the Alps north of the Adda/Serio river confluence, around the town of Crema. Morphometric analysis and stratigraphic investigation were carried out, supported by palaeobotany, sand petrography and radiometric dating. The obtained stratigraphic framework is presented by cross sections and by a geological map. During the Middle Würm, an alluvial fan of the Adda River oriented NWN-SSE occupied the area, feeding south and west the Romanengo hill. A substantial reorganisation of the fluvial network occurred during the Last Glacial Maximum. Since 32-30 ka cal. BP, the area was fed by two outwash rivers, originated from the Adda and the Oglio piedmont glaciers, both characterised by a prevalent southward drainage, 160°-170° S in the LGM. After the LGM the fan-head was dissected by trunk channels and, at the downslope fan limit, the southward flow shifted to a southeastern direction. Thereafter, major dissection and downcutting occurred in the Lateglacial, confining the major rivers into large alluvial corridors, further shaped by lateral erosion during the Holocene. The Late Holocene history of the Serio River is marked by fluvial floods during the late Roman Age, and by a capture of the lower reach by the Adda River. The geomorphological evidence supports the historically inferred age assignment of the diversion to 12th-14th c. AD. (Marchetti, 1990(Marchetti, , 2002. fig. 10 à fig. 12) fig. 11 et fig. 13A) D'un point de vue méthodologique, on a préparé un DTM détaillé en se servant des points cotés de la Cartographie Technique de la Région Lombardie (fig. 2). La succession stratigraphique a été décrite sur le terrain à partir de plusieurs affleurements et carottes, dont les plus intéressantes ont été soumises aux analyses radiocarbone, palynologiques et minéralogiques (sables). 14 dates AMS ont été obtenues sur plantes terrestres, calibrées avec CALIB à partir de la courbe de calibration IntCal09 (Reimer et al., 2009 ; tab. 2) et indiquées dans le texte « cal. BP ». Certains vestiges archéo-logiques présents dans les dépôts ont été examinés, étant donné qu'ils peuvent fournir des indices chronologiques utiles. L'analyse palynologique s'est faite sur 400 grains. Les plantes aquatiques et de marais ont été exclues de la somme pollinique. Le diagramme pollinique intègre la séquence de tourbes et de tourbes sableuses déposées dans le marais de Mosi di Crema (fig. 9), quelques données polliniques sur échantillons isolés, prélevés dans les dépôts lacustres de Cresmiero, et la séquence fluvio-palustre de Ripalta Guerina (tab. 5). Pour chacun des 13 échantillons de sables étu-diés, 400 points ont été comptés avec la méth...

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“…In many instances these two different approaches are used in tandem. Lithostratigraphical nomenclature often comprises type locality or area, lithology and unit term (Hedberg 1976;Whittaker et al 1991); for example, the London Clay Formation. However, lithology can be, and often is, omitted.…”

Section: Methodology Used For Interpreting the Engineering Geologicalmentioning

confidence: 99%

Methodology for creating national engineering geological maps of the UK

Dobbs

Culshaw

Northmore

et al. 2012

QJEGH

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Abstract:In the United Kingdom (UK) geological maps traditionally have been attributed with lithostratigraphical map units. However, without significant supplementary information, these maps can be only of limited use for planning and engineering works. During the middle part of the 20th century, as development of the science of engineering geology began to accelerate, engineering geological maps started to appear in various forms and at various scales to meet the challenge of making geological maps more suited to land-use planning, engineering design, building, construction and maintenance. Today, engineering geological maps are routinely used at various scales as part of the engineering planning, design and construction process. However, until recently there had been no comprehensive, readily available engineering geological map of the UK to provide the broad context for ground investigation. This paper describes the recently published (2011) 1:1 000 000 scale engineering geology superficial and bedrock maps of the UK. It describes the methodologies adopted for their creation and outlines their potential uses, limitations and future applications.

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A guide to stratigraphical procedure

Cited by 103 publications

References 29 publications

Chalk micropalaeontology and the provenancing of middle pleistocene lowestoft formation till in eastern England

Chalk micropalaeontology and the provenancing of middle pleistocene lowestoft formation till in eastern England

The last 40 ka evolution of the Central Po Plain between the Adda and Serio rivers

Methodology for creating national engineering geological maps of the UK

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