“…Some studies use input-output analysis (EIOA) to calculate the implied emission intensity or use a top-down approach to assess the environmental footprint (Gao et al, 2022), while other studies convert electricity into emissions by using the EIA factor to convert fuel into emissions where energy carbon emissions are imputed (Goldstein et al, 2020). Furthermore, some studies decouple the two models by introducing the concept of carbon emission flow attached to the power flow (Kang et al, 2015;Tian et al, 2015). In addition, relevant operating scenarios also include quantifying carbon emissions related to energy transmission (Cheng Y et al, 2018) and conversion processes in multi-energy systems, coordinating energy generation, transmission, conversion, and utilization across different energy sectors, paths, and time scales, and implementing a hierarchical process (Huang et al, 2020).…”