“…The initial design of PUFs was focused on integrated circuits, 7 but their intrinsic limitations, such as long-term chemical stability, side-channel attacks, and encoding capacity, are still under improvement. Alternatively, multidisciplinary approaches based on chemistry, material science, and nanotechnology 8 were undertaken to develop optical PUFs using nanoparticles, 9–13 fluorescent materials, 12,14–18 biomaterials, 17–19 and micro- or nanoarchitectures 19–23 that exhibit optical signals detectable by optical microscopy, 11 Raman spectroscopy, 9,10,20 and fluorescence microscopy. 12,14–18 However, the conventional optical PUFs entail challenges toward practical application from a short lifetime of fluorescent materials, 12,14–18 complex instrumentations, 9,10,19–21 low durability, 9,10,12,14–20 and sophisticated material synthesis.…”