A Hybrid Stacked Restricted Boltzmann Machine with Sobel Directional Patterns for Melanoma Prediction in Colored Skin Images

Abstract

Melanoma, a kind of skin cancer that is very risky, is distinguished by uncontrolled cell multiplication. Melanoma detection is of the utmost significance in clinical practice because of the atypical border structure and the numerous types of tissue it can involve. The identification of melanoma is still a challenging process for color images, despite the fact that numerous approaches have been proposed in the research that has been done. In this research, we present a comprehensive system for the efficient and precise classification of skin lesions. The framework includes preprocessing, segmentation, feature extraction, and classification modules. Preprocessing with DullRazor eliminates skin-imaging hair artifacts. Next, Fully Connected Neural Network (FCNN) semantic segmentation extracts precise and obvious Regions of Interest (ROIs). We then extract relevant skin image features from ROIs using an enhanced Sobel Directional Pattern (SDP). For skin image analysis, Sobel Directional Pattern outperforms ABCD. Finally, a stacked Restricted Boltzmann Machine (RBM) classifies skin ROIs. Stacked RBMs accurately classify skin melanoma. The experiments have been conducted on five datasets: Pedro Hispano Hospital (PH2), International Skin Imaging Collaboration (ISIC 2016), ISIC 2017, Dermnet, and DermIS, and achieved an accuracy of 99.8%, 96.5%, 95.5%, 87.9%, and 97.6%, respectively. The results show that a stack of Restricted Boltzmann Machines is superior for categorizing skin cancer types using the proposed innovative SDP.

FMDNet: An Efficient System for Face Mask Detection Based on Lightweight Model during COVID-19 Pandemic in Public Areas

“…We can see that, for the same test set, FMDNet (99%) improved the accuracy more than that of the base model, MobileNetV2 (94%). The report consists of some of the significant evaluation metrics such as the precision, recall, F1-score, and accuracy [40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49] mentioned in Equations ( 5)- (8). These metrics are based on the true positives, true negatives, false positives, and false negatives.…”