A Liquid Triboelectric Series

Abstract

The triboelectric series is a generally accepted method for describing the triboelectric effect. It provides a way to control the double face of the ubiquitous triboelectric effect: causes of unpredictable accidents and the resultant surface charge as energy sources. However, previous studies have been biased in solids despite being observed in liquids (liquid-solid contact electrification). Therefore, a liquid triboelectric series is necessary to be established to manipulate the liquid triboelectric effect according to the appropriate goal. In this study, a liquid triboelectric series is first established to describe the triboelectric properties of each liquid when contact electrification occurs with a solid surface. The liquid triboelectric series covers electrolytes, organic solvents, oxidants, and higher sugar alcohols. Common chemical groups can be derived from the liquid triboelectric series that hydroxyl groups enhance, and benzene groups suppress the liquid triboelectric effect. The results are demonstrated by the amplified efficiency of an energy harvester and particle contamination after surface washing. This study will play a pivotal role in understanding the liquid-solid contact electrification phenomenon and providing new perspectives on the applications of the liquid triboelectric effect.

Glycerol Flow through a Shielded Coil Induces Aggregation and Activity Enhancement of Horseradish Peroxidase

“…And this friction is known to be the driving force of the triboelectric effect, which is also known as "friction-driven contact electrification" [62]. In general, this effect occurs in solid-solid [62,63], liquid-solid [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21], solid-gas [64] and liquidliquid [65] systems [62]. The motion of the triboelectrically generated charges induces an electromagnetic field.…”

“…The flow of both aqueous [9][10][11][12][13][14][15] and non-aqueous [16][17][18][19][20][21] fluids can well cause the triboelectric generation of electric charge [9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21]. This widely employed phenomenon is the development of the so-called triboelectric generators [11][12][13][14]18].…”

“…It should be emphasized that, despite the fact that aqueous fluids are used for this purpose, in the majority of cases [11][12][13][14], the successful development of oil-employing triboelectric devices was recently reported [18]. Yoo et al have found that, in the case of glycerol, the triboelectric generation of charge is very significant in comparison with the majority of other liquids tested [21]. In this context, it should be borne in mind that triboelectrically induced fields can influence biological macromolecules [15][16][17], exhibiting an indirect action of a fluid flow on these macromolecules.…”

“…In this context, it should be borne in mind that triboelectrically induced fields can influence biological macromolecules [15][16][17], exhibiting an indirect action of a fluid flow on these macromolecules. Additional attention should also be paid in the case of the triboelectric effect of fluid flow through pipes [9,21], including pipe coils, which are used as heat exchangers in bioreactors [22]. Heat exchangers are key components of bioreactors operating with enzymes [23,24].…”

“…Heat exchangers are key components of bioreactors operating with enzymes [23,24]. Since glycerol, which was found to be triboelectrically active [21], is often used as a heat transfer agent [1], further research is required in order to investigate the possible effects of its flow on biological molecules, including enzymes. And this is the aim of our study.…”