A literature review of dry deposition of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen with emphasis on long-range transport modelling in North America

Voldner, E.C.; Barrie, Leonard A.; Sirois, A.

doi:10.1016/0004-6981(86)90305-7

Cited by 190 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 65 publications

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“…Parameterization of the aerodynamic resistance r a is given by (Wesely and Hicks, 1977; see also Voldner et al, 1986;Hanna, 1991;Maryon et al, 1996) …”

Section: Dry Deposition Of Gaseous Compounds Based On the Resistance mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some preliminary experiments were carried out, where it has been assumed that the magnitude of r c for iodine is similar to sulphur dioxide for the different landuse categories (see e.g. Sheih et al, 1979;Voldner et al, 1986). Little research has, however, been carried out in this field for the radioactive compound, iodine, and given the lack of experimental data and the uncertainties in determining the surface resistance for this species a fixed value of r c has been used.…”

Section: Dry Deposition Of Gaseous Compounds Based On the Resistance mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling transport and deposition of caesium and iodine from the Chernobyl accident using the DREAM model

Brandt¹,

Christensen²,

Frohn³

2002

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

118

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Abstract. A tracer model, DREAM (the Danish Rimpuff andEulerian Accidental release Model), has been developed for modelling transport, dispersion and deposition (wet and dry) of radioactive material from accidental releases, as the Chernobyl accident. The model is a combination of a Lagrangian model, that includes the near source dispersion, and an Eulerian model describing the long-range transport. The performance of the transport model has previously been tested within the European Tracer Experiment, ETEX, which included transport and dispersion of an inert, non-depositing tracer from a controlled release. The focus of this paper is the model performance with respect to the total deposition of 137 Cs, 134 Cs and 131 I from the Chernobyl accident, using different relatively simple and comprehensive parameterizations for dry-and wet deposition. The performance, compared to measurements, of using different combinations of two different wet deposition parameterizations and three different parameterizations of dry deposition has been evaluated, using different statistical tests. The best model performance, compared to measurements, is obtained when parameterizing the total deposition combined of a simple method for dry deposition and a subgrid-scale averaging scheme for wet deposition based on relative humidities. The same major conclusion is obtained for all the three different radioactive isotopes and using two different deposition measurement databases. Large differences are seen in the results obtained by using the two different parameterizations of wet deposition based on precipitation rates and relative humidities, respectively. The parameterization based on subgrid-scale averaging is, in all cases, performing better than the parameterization based on precipitation rates. This indicates that the in-cloud scavenging process is more important than the beCorrespondence to: J. Brandt (jbr@dmu.dk) low cloud scavenging process for the submicron particles and that the precipitation rates are relatively uncertain in the meteorological model compared to the relative humidity. Relatively small differences are, however, seen in the statistical tests between the three different parameterizations of dry deposition.

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“…Parameterization of the aerodynamic resistance r a is given by (Wesely and Hicks, 1977; see also Voldner et al, 1986;Hanna, 1991;Maryon et al, 1996) …”

Section: Dry Deposition Of Gaseous Compounds Based On the Resistance mentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Dry Deposition Of Gaseous Compounds Based On the Resistance mentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling transport and deposition of caesium and iodine from the Chernobyl accident using the DREAM model

Brandt¹,

Christensen²,

Frohn³

2002

Atmos. Chem. Phys.

118

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“…Those used in this paper are in Table 1 and are the same as those used by Goulding (1990). They were obtained from Voldner, Barrie & Sirois (1986), , Dollard et al (1987) and Derwent, Dollard & Metcalf (1988). However, for this paper the growth of the cereal has been taken into account.…”

Section: Total Depositionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes

et al. 1998

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Human activity has greatly perturbed the nitrogen cycle through increased fixation by legumes, by energy and fertilizer production, and by the mobilization of N from long-term storage pools. This extra reactive N is readily transported through the environment, and there is increasing evidence that it is changing ecosystems through eutrophication and acidification. Rothamsted Experimental Station, UK has been involved in research on N cycling in ecosystems since its inception in 1843. Measurements of precipitation composition at Rothamsted, made since 1853, show an increase of nitrate and ammonium N in precipitation from 1 and 3 kg N ha −" yr −" , respectively, in 1855 to a maximum of 8 and 10 kg N ha −" yr −" in 1980, decreasing to 4 and 5 kg N ha −" yr −" today. Nitrogen inputs via dry deposition do, however, remain high. Recent measurements with diffusion tubes and filter packs show large concentrations of nitrogen dioxide of c. 20 µg m −$ in winter and c. 10 µg m −$ in summer ; the difference is linked to the use of central heating, and with variations in wind direction and pollutant source. Concentrations of nitric acid and particulate N exhibit maxima of 1n5 and 2 µg m −$ in summer and winter, respectively. Concentrations of ammonia are small, barely rising above 1 µg m −$ .Taking deposition velocities from the literature gives a total deposition of all measured N species to winter cereals of 43n3 kg N ha −" yr −" , 84 % as oxidized species, 79 % dry deposited. The fate of this N deposited to the very long-term Broadbalk Continuous Wheat Experiment at Rothamsted has been simulated using the SUNDIAL N-cycling model : at equilibrium, after 154 yr of the experiment and with N deposition increasing from c. 10 kg ha −" yr −" in 1843 to 45 kg ha −" yr −" today, c. 5 % is leached, 12 % is denitrified, 30 % immobilized in the soil organic matter and 53 % taken off in the crop. The ' efficiency of use ' of the deposited N decreases, and losses and immobilization increase as the amount of fertilizer N increases. The deposited N itself, and the acidification that is associated with it (from the nitric acid, ammonia and ammonium), has reduced the number of plant species on the 140-yr-old Park Grass hay meadow. It has also reduced methane oxidation rates in soil by c. 15 % under arable land and 30 % under woodland, and has caused N saturation of local woodland ecosystems : nitrous oxide emission rates of up to 1n4 kg ha −" yr −" are equivalent to those from arable land receiving 200 kg N ha −" yr −" , and in proportion to the excess N deposited ; measurements of N cycling processes and pools using "&N pool dilution techniques show a large nitrate pool and enhanced rates of nitrification relative to immobilization. Ratios of gross nitrification : gross immobilization might prove to be good indices of N saturation.

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“…Eight surface types (Table 1) are defined in the model. Roughness lengths for these vegetation types vary with season and are taken after Voldner et al (1986) with some modifications after Zhang et al (2001). All values in Table 1 are prescribed except for the open water category, where the following equation is applied: This parameterization is derived from the logarithmic wind profile under neutral atmospheric stability.…”

Section: Dry Deposition Velocity Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Numerical Investigation of Sea Salt Aerosol Size Bin Partitioning in Global Transport Models: Implications for Mass Budget and Optical Depth

Witek

Flatau

Teixeira

et al. 2011

Aerosol Science and Technology

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In this study the importance of sea salt aerosol (SSA) size representation in a global transport model is investigated. For this purpose the Navy Aerosol Analysis and Prediction System (NAAPS) model is employed in a number of SSA simulations. A new dry deposition velocity parameterization is implemented into NAAPS in order to more physically represent deposition processes in the model. SSA size distribution is divided into size bins using two different partition procedures: the previously used iso-log method and the iso-gradient method, which relies on size-dependence of deposition processes. The global SSA simulations are analyzed in terms of the total sea salt mass and the average SSA optical thickness. The results indicate that there is a large dependence of the total mass and average aerosol optical depth on the number of size bins used to represent the aerosol size distribution. The total SSA mass is underestimated by 20% if 2 instead of 15 (reference) size intervals are used. The average aerosol optical depth underestimation is even higher and reaches over 35%. Such large differences can have substantial implications on the accuracy of SSA radiative forcing simulations in climate models. A comparison of the two division procedures shows that the simulations with the iso-gradient intervals are more accurate than the iso-log ones if at least 6 size bins are used. This result indicates that the more physically based division scheme can offer better performance and reduce computational cost of global aerosol transport models.

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A literature review of dry deposition of oxides of sulphur and nitrogen with emphasis on long-range transport modelling in North America

Cited by 190 publications

References 65 publications

Modelling transport and deposition of caesium and iodine from the Chernobyl accident using the DREAM model

Modelling transport and deposition of caesium and iodine from the Chernobyl accident using the DREAM model

Nitrogen deposition and its contribution to nitrogen cycling and associated soil processes

Numerical Investigation of Sea Salt Aerosol Size Bin Partitioning in Global Transport Models: Implications for Mass Budget and Optical Depth

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