A mechanistic approach on the curing kinetics of benzoxazine-filled oxygen plasma treated graphene nanosheets

Karbalaei-Bagher, Milad; Ahmadi, Zahed; Nazockdast, Hossein

doi:10.1088/2053-1591/ab33b4

Cited by 5 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…[319] The prospect of benzoxazine nanocomposites for advanced industrial applications has led to various research efforts devoted to the understanding of polymerization kinetics of benzoxazine nanocomposites. [320,321] Figure 7. T v detection from stress relaxation experiment.…”

Section: Properties and Applications Of Benzoxazinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Vitrimeric Benzoxazines for Sustainable Advanced Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Applications

Anagwu

Thakur

Skordos

2022

Macro Materials & Eng

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Polybenzoxazines are high-performance materials capable of replacing conventional thermosets such as phenolics, epoxies, and bismaleimides in composites manufacturing due to their excellent thermomechanical and chemical behavior. Their versatility and compatibility with biobased precursors make them an attractive option as composite matrices. Like other thermosets, polybenzoxazines are not recyclable and cannot be reprocessed. Incorporating dynamic bonds in benzoxazine monomers can produce vitrimeric polybenzoxazines, which can potentially overcome this limitation and can be tuned to exhibit smart functionalities such as self-healing and shape memory. Dynamic bond exchange mechanisms for vitrimer development such as transesterification, imine bond, disulfide exchange, transamination, transcarbamoylation, transalkylation, olefin metathesis, transcarbonation, siloxane-silanol exchange, boronic ester, silyl ether exchange, and dioxaborolane metathesis are potentially applicable to benzoxazine chemistry, with disulfide bond and transesterification having successfully vitrimerized benzoxazines with topological transitions at −8.5 and 88 °C, respectively. Benzoxazine vitrimers featuring glass transitions of 193, 224, and 222-236 °C are now known. These place polybenzoxazines at the forefront of the development of reprocessable and recyclable thermosetting polymers and composite matrices.

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Section: Properties and Applications Of Benzoxazinesmentioning

confidence: 99%

High‐Performance Vitrimeric Benzoxazines for Sustainable Advanced Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Applications

Anagwu

Thakur

Skordos

2022

Macro Materials & Eng

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“…Details of the procedure used to synthesize benzoxazine in this study can be found in our previous work. [ 28 ] Sample preparation was done using an open two‐roll mill. EPDM‐g‐VTMS was used at three different dosages (6, 8, and 10 phr) with a fixed amount of EPDM/benzoxazine (70/30 phr).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The benzoxazine resin was synthesized according to our previous work. [28] 2 | EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 3 was purchased from Kumho Petroleum Chemical Co. Ltd. (Korea). Supplied by Evonik Industries (Germany), vinyltrimethoxysilane (VTMS) was used as the silane (Dynasilan ® VTMS, liquid form, b p = 123 C).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A modus operandi toward interfacial enhancement of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber/ polybenzoxazine blends using EPDM‐grafted‐vinyltrimethoxysilane copolymer

Karbalaei-Bagher

Ahmadi

Nazockdast

2020

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Compatibilization of polymer blends is performed to obtain synergistic effects in physical and mechanical properties. The present work demonstrates the ability of vinyltrimethoxysilane‐grafted‐ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber (VTMS‐g‐EPDM) to improve the compatibility between EPDM and polybenzoxazine (PB). EPDM reacted with 5 phr of VTMS showed the highest grafting efficiency as well as a relatively low gel content, and was added to EPDM/PB blends. The addition of 8 phr of compatibilizer to 70/30 (w/w) EPDM/PB reduced the dispersed PB droplet size from 3.1 μm to 800 nm. Effects of various blend compositions at constant dosage of compatibilizer (8 phr) on the swelling behavior and tensile properties of the samples were also studied. The tensile strength increased from 12 to 14.5 MPa upon adding the compatibilizer at 50/50 blend ratio of EPDM/PB; however, the increase in the PB content had no significant impact on the tensile strength in both compatibilized and non‐compatibilized samples.

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“…The details of all the preparation methods including benzoxazine synthesis, plasma treatment of GNSs and nanocomposites preparation used in this study can be found in our previous work. 32 Briefly, to obtain the benzoxazine/GNSs nanocomposites, different weight percentages of treated graphene (0.5, 1, and 3 wt%) were added to synthesized benzoxazine monomer dissolved in THF. The dispersed tGNSs were mildly sonicated for 15 min at the power of 70 W then after agitated with dissolved monomer for another 1 h at room temperature and afterwards poured onto the respective silanecoated glass and was kept at 60 � C in vacuum chamber for 24 h to be completely dried.…”

Section: Preparation Of Materialsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The results of these two parts were reported in our previous publication. 32 Herein, the nanocomposites were prepared and characterized by SEM and DSC technique to ensure the quality of treated GNSs (tGNSs) dispersion and complete state of curing. At last, the thermal behavior of nanocomposites was examined by TGA and the kinetic models were used to postulate the kinetic parameters as well as lifetime of nanocomposites.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An insight into thermal stability and decomposition kinetics of polybenzoxazine plasma treated graphene nanocomposites

Karbalaei-Bagher

Ahmadi

Nazockdast

2021

Polymers and Polymer Composites

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This research was targeted to investigate the effect of oxygen plasma treated graphene nanosheets (tGNSs) on the thermal stability of benzoxazine resin and to have a further and deeper mechanistic understanding of thermal decomposition kinetics of such nanocomposites in 0.5, 1 and 3 wt% of tGNS. The samples were prepared as reported in our previous study. The quality of dispersion of tGNSs within benzoxazine was investigated by X-Ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. Also, to ensure the complete curing of samples the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis was performed. Using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), it was found that the addition of tGNS improved the char yield and thermal stability parameter of benzoxazine nanocomposites and this improvement was more prominent at 1% and higher amount of nanoparticles. Moreover, the first stage of thermal degradation kinetic of benzoxazine was disappeared above 1 wt% of tGNS. The samples were kinetically analyzed through Kissinger, Flynn-Wall-Ozawa and Friedman and Coats-Redfern method. It was revealed that the overall activation energy was enhanced from 168 to 224 kJ mol−1 and 275 to 420 kJ mol−1 for the second and third stage of degradation using 1 and 3 wt% of tGNS.

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A mechanistic approach on the curing kinetics of benzoxazine-filled oxygen plasma treated graphene nanosheets

Cited by 5 publications

References 47 publications

High‐Performance Vitrimeric Benzoxazines for Sustainable Advanced Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Applications

High‐Performance Vitrimeric Benzoxazines for Sustainable Advanced Materials: Design, Synthesis, and Applications

A modus operandi toward interfacial enhancement of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber/ polybenzoxazine blends using EPDM‐grafted‐vinyltrimethoxysilane copolymer

An insight into thermal stability and decomposition kinetics of polybenzoxazine plasma treated graphene nanocomposites

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