A miniature dishwashing evaluation method

Technical development of a light‐duty liquid detergent requires a knowledge of the kinds of ingredients that may be used and their functions, and an understanding of the techniques used for evaluating performance characteristics. It involves selection or optimization of an active ingredient system, adjustment of product physical properties, incorporation of suitable colorant and perfume, conduction of appropriate aging studies and testing of resistance to microbiological contamination to ensure proper quality at time of purchase, and assessment of safety to humans.

Liquid light‐duty detergents

Chirash

1981

Tallow alkanolamides: Preparation and effect on surfactant solutions

Weil

Parris

Noble

et al. 1971

Oxyalkylation of N‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) amides and N,N‐bis‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) amides gave products which were valuable as detergent additives and detergent intermediates. Oxyalkylation of simple amides was difficult to carry out, and the product contained large quantities of unreacted amide which had an adverse effect on surfactant properties. Amides with short oxyalkyl chains and long fatty chains were not soluble by themselves but were solubilized by aqueous detergent solutions and had characteristic “Krafft Points.” This temperature, at which the mixed solution became clear, was independent of detergent used, amide to detergent ratio up to 1.4, total concentration, and water hardness. Krafft point of poorly soluble detergents such as sodium octadecyl sulfate and disodium α‐sulfostearate was lowered by mixing with alkanolamides. N,N‐Bis‐(hydroxyethyl)‐hexadecanamide and the oxyalkylated products of N,N‐bis‐(hydroxyethyl) hexadecanamide and N,N‐bis‐(hydroxyethyl) octadecanamide increased the viscosity of solutions of linear alkylbenzene sulfonate and sodium dodecyl sulfate in the same was as the N,N‐bis‐(hydroxyethyl) amide prepared from coconut oil. Foam stabilizing properties ere observed for some of oxyethylated amides. One per cent N,N‐bis‐(2‐hydroxyethyl) oleamide and 2‐(2‐hydroxyethoxy)‐ethyloleamide formed petrolatum‐water emulsions which were stable for more than a month.

AOS — An anionic surfactant system: Its manufacture, composition, properties, and potential application

Tuvell¹,

Kuehnhanss²,

Heidebrecht³

et al. 1978

Several sulfonation parameters, believed to be critical to the manufacture of good quality ct-olefin sulfonate (AOS), are related to product color and conversion. The interfacial properties for single carbon number AOS and the major components comprising AOS are investigated. Results, based on surface activity, indicate that AOS in the molecular weight range from C14 through C 18 should be of value in formulating efficient cleaning agents. The data show that AOS is more effective for lowering Crisco| interfacial energy than the more commonly used surfactants. The alkene-l-sulfonate component of AOS was found to be most effective in lowering interfacial energy with the hydroxyalkane-1-sulfonate component being significantly less effective but still more effective than alcohol ether sulfate or linear alkylbenzene sulfonate of comparable molecular weight. Hand dishwashing efficacy was found greatest for the hydroxyalkane-l-sulfonate component of AOS, but combinations of hydroxyalkane-1-sulfonates and alkene-l-sulfonates were shown to be synergistic for laundering applications. The presence of the -OH group in the hydroxyalkane sulfonate structure was shown to increase solubility and lower surface activity significantly more than the presence of unsaturation in the alkene sulfonate. Long, single branching in the (~-olefin sulfonate and random internal olefin sulfonate are shown to reduce drastically the surface activity. The hydroxyalkane and alkene-l-sulfonates were rapidly biodegraded. Disulfonates and long, singly branched sulfonate were more slowly degraded. Both 1,3-sultones and 1,4sultones were found to biodegrade rapidly.