A model for simulating a lead-acid battery using bond graphs

Esperilla, J.J.; Félez, Jesús; Romero, Gregorio; Carretero, Ana María Hernández

doi:10.1016/j.simpat.2006.10.003

Cited by 22 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…1,3 Design and materials also determine useful life. 2 Background/literature review.-Esperilla et al's 11,12 bond graph models of lead-acid battery dynamics during cycling include primary z E-mail: osara@utexas.edu and secondary electrochemical reactions at both electrodes, and thermal energy dissipation. Considering internal electrochemical kinetics and thermal interactions, Siniard et al 13 presented a one-dimensional battery model, and compared their results with finite element simulation and experimental data from a 6-cell lead-acid battery, with varying degrees of accuracy.…”

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confidence: 99%

Thermodynamics of Lead-Acid Battery Degradation: Application of the Degradation-Entropy Generation Methodology

Osara

Bryant

2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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This article details a lead-acid battery degradation model based on irreversible thermodynamics, which is then verified experimentally using commonly measured operational parameters. The model combines thermodynamic first principles with the Degradation-Entropy Generation theorem, to relate instantaneous and cyclic capacity fade (loss of useful charge-holding capacity) in the lead-acid battery to the entropy generated via the underlying dissipative physical processes responsible for battery degradation. Equations relating capacity fade to battery cycling are also formulated and verified. To show robustness of the approach, nonlinear data from uncontrolled and severely abusive battery cycling-including overdischarge-was measured and used to verify formulations. A near 100% agreement between the thermodynamic battery model and measurements is achieved. The model also gives rise to new material and design parameters to characterize all lead-acid batteries.

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confidence: 99%

Thermodynamics of Lead-Acid Battery Degradation: Application of the Degradation-Entropy Generation Methodology

Osara

Bryant

2019

J. Electrochem. Soc.

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“…About 75% of the World lead production and a turnover of about 30 billion USD are due to these batteries. Although there are electrochemical simulations starting from the given thermodynamical data [3,4], we are not aware of any ab initio ones for the lead battery. This is in stark contrast to other rechargeable batteries, such as the modern lithium-ion based systems, where they abound.…”

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Relativity and the Lead-Acid Battery

et al. 2011

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The energies of the solid reactants in the lead-acid battery are calculated ab initio using two different basis sets at non-relativistic, scalar relativistic, and fully relativistic levels, and using several exchange-correlation potentials. The average calculated standard voltage is 2.13 V, compared with the experimental value of 2.11 V. All calculations agree in that 1.7-1.8 V of this standard voltage arise from relativistic effects, mainly from PbO2 but also from PbSO4. PACS numbers: 82.47.Cb,82.60.Cx,31.15.ae,31.15.aj,31.15.es Keywords: lead, lead battery, relativity, relativistic effectsThe lead battery is an essential part of cars, and has numerous other applications. This well-known invention is now 150 years old [1,2]. About 75% of the World lead production and a turnover of about 30 billion USD are due to these batteries. Although there are electrochemical simulations starting from the given thermodynamical data[3, 4], we are not aware of any ab initio ones for the lead battery. This is in stark contrast to other rechargeable batteries, such as the modern lithium-ion based systems, where they abound. The problem is difficult enough to be a theoretical challenge, and there is the additional fascination that, Pb being a heavy-element, relativistic effects on its compounds could play an important role, as qualitatively found a long time ago [5][6][7][8]. For metallic lead, see [9][10][11].The discharge reaction of the lead-acid cell isThe electronic structures of both and β-PbO 2 [15-17] have been theoretically studied earlier. Especially, the metallic conductivity of the β-PbO 2 , making the large currents possible, was shown to be an impurity, conduction-band effect, attributed to donor impurities at oxygen sites [16][17][18][19]. The alloying of the Pb electrode is also important in practice, but is not discussed here, because the minute amounts of other elements do not affect the EMF of the cell.The construction of the lead-acid battery[20] has a positive lead dioxide electrode, a negative electrode of metallic lead, and a sulfuric acid electrolyte. The discharge reaction between a Pb(IV) and a Pb(0) produces 2 Pb(II), in form of solid PbSO 4 . The experimental thermodynamics of the reaction are well-known [21].The three solids can be treated with existing solid-state theories, such as density functional theory (DFT), because the bonding mechanism in the investigated species is dominated by covalent interactions where DFT is expected to provide reliable results. Adequately simulating the liquid phase in multiple relativistic regimes is beyond current state of the art, however. We avoid this problem by introducing the known energy ∆E(2) for the experimental reactionWe can use this empirical relationship because only light elements and only S(VI) occur in eq. (2), whose contribution to relativistic effects are small. Combining the equations (1) and (2) givesThe voltages for the lead-acid battery reaction may then be calculated from the reaction energieswhere we use calculated ∆E(3) values and experimenta...

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“…A complex models of batteries can be found in the literature, see examples in [27] and [28] for lead-acid and lithium-ion batteries, respectively. Both can be used, directly replacing the bong graph of Figure 8.…”

Section: Bond Graph Modelmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct synchronous-asynchronous conversion system for hybrid electrical vehicle applications. An energy-based modeling approach

Munoz-Aguilar¹,

Dòria‐Cerezo²,

Puleston³

2013

International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems

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This paper presents a proposal for a series hybrid electric vehicle propulsion system. This new configuration is based on a wound-rotor synchronous generator (WRSM) and a doubly-fed induction machine (DFIM). The energybased model of the whole system is obtained taking advantage of the capabilities of the port-based modeling techniques. From the dq port-controlled Hamiltonian description of the WRSM and DFIM, the Hamiltonian model of the proposed Direct Synchronous-Asynchronous Conversion System (DiSAC) is developed. Subsequently, the bond graph models of the DiSAC and associate systems are also provided. Numerical simulations are also presented in order to validate the proposed system. Index TermsAC Machines, Hybrid Electric Vehicle, Modeling.

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A model for simulating a lead-acid battery using bond graphs

Cited by 22 publications

References 16 publications

Thermodynamics of Lead-Acid Battery Degradation: Application of the Degradation-Entropy Generation Methodology

Thermodynamics of Lead-Acid Battery Degradation: Application of the Degradation-Entropy Generation Methodology

Relativity and the Lead-Acid Battery

Direct synchronous-asynchronous conversion system for hybrid electrical vehicle applications. An energy-based modeling approach

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