A multi-scale landscape approach to understand dispersal of the mistletoe by birds in Mediterranean pine forests

Three-Dimensional Landscape Rendering and Landscape Spatial Distribution of Traditional Villages Based on Big Data Information System

“…e material landscape includes natural landscape, settlement, and architectural landscape. Intangible landscapes mainly refer to two parts: economic and living landscapes and historical and cultural landscapes and folk custom landscapes [30][31][32]. All kinds of landscapes are interconnected and infiltrated with each other, forming a rich landscape composition of traditional villages.…”

Interactive effects of abiotic factors and biotic agents on Scots pine dieback: A multivariate modeling approach in southeast France

“…The presence of mistletoe is also linked to climate (Jeffree and Jeffree, 1996), especially to temperatures in the coldest and hottest months, as shown by its significant correlation with the Skre index (Figure 4). Although temperature is the variable that best explains the presence of mistletoe, the population density of fruit-eating birds, and more specifically of its main dispersion agent the thrush genus Turdus, also explains the spatial distribution of mistletoe at landscape scale (Ramsauer et al, 2021). The most significant radius (8 km) used to calculate the area of pines sensitive to mistletoe around our plots is in line with the literature, e.g., with the minimum radius of 3.5 km estimated in Catalonia by Ramsauer et al (2021).…”

“…Although temperature is the variable that best explains the presence of mistletoe, the population density of fruit-eating birds, and more specifically of its main dispersion agent the thrush genus Turdus, also explains the spatial distribution of mistletoe at landscape scale (Ramsauer et al, 2021). The most significant radius (8 km) used to calculate the area of pines sensitive to mistletoe around our plots is in line with the literature, e.g., with the minimum radius of 3.5 km estimated in Catalonia by Ramsauer et al (2021). The propagation of mistletoe from a point source is fast, accelerates over time with the progressive increase in population density in neighboring areas, but is still modulated by vegetation distribution in the landscape and especially by the availability of host species (from 0.04 km/year to 0.35 km/year ; Hawksworth and Scharpf 1986, Shaw and Lee 2020).…”

Biological Flora of Britain and Ireland:Viscum album

“…20 km considering the time of the digestion and speed of flying. However, factors such as road density or building density may change dispersal distances by birds (Rybalka, 2017) and in north‐east Spain 3.5 km was more realistic for bird dispersal (Ramsauer et al, 2022). More details about the behaviour of the major dispersers in Britain are given by Briggs (2021) and in Spain by Mellado and Zamora (2014b).…”