A Multivariate Model of the Determinants of Cigarette Smoking Among Adolescents

Drug problems and psychological distress among a community sample of adults: Predictors, consequences, or confound?

“…Social conformity represents low deviance or antisocial attitudes and behaviors, that has consistently been shown to be negatively related to drug use (Castro , Maddahian, Newcomb, & Bentler, 1987;Newcomb, 1995;Newcomb & Bentler, 1988b;Stein, Newcomb, & Bentler, 1986), emotional distress (e.g., Newcomb & Bentler, 1988b), and positively related to depressive tendencies (e.g., Stacy, Newcomb, & Bentler, 1991. Several studies have found that low social conformity during adolescence led to systematically worse outcomes during young adulthood, especially regarding drug use problems, family difficulties, and psychosomatic complaints (Bentler, 1992;Newcomb, 1997a;Newcomb & Bentler, 1988b).…”

Cultural, Material, and Psychosocial Correlates of the Socioeconomic Gradient in Smoking Behavior among Adults

“…This should indicate whether the correlates of socioeconomic differences in smoking as identified here are causal determinants of the social pattern of smoking. Moreover, further research should pay attention to some determinants of smoking that were omitted in this study, including social pressure and smoking behavior of peers [27,[45][46][47][48]. Younger age groups should be included too, since most smokers start during adolescence, and socioeconomic differences in smoking already exist in that age group [48,49].…”

General deviance and psychological distress: impact of family support/bonding over 12 years from adolescence to adulthood

“…Social conformity has been a critical construct throughout this multi-year project (Newcomb, 1997) and reflects attitudes towards conventional norms. Three four-item scales (Castro et al, 1987;Newcomb & Bentler, 1988a) were averaged to create this scale: law abidance, liberalism (reverse scored), and religiosity. Criminal behaviour is the sum of items that assessed the frequency of engaging in various illegal behaviours relating to confrontational acts, theft and vandalism (Newcomb & Bentler, 1988a).…”