A new approach to predict heat stress and skin burn of firefighter under low-level thermal radiation

Yang, Jie; Su, Yun; Song, Guowen; Li, Rui; Xiang, Chunhui

doi:10.1016/j.ijthermalsci.2019.106021

Cited by 11 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…The effect of high heat flux early and late during heat exposure has previously been analyzed [16], and it was found that an early heat flux peak gave fewer burns than a similar later peak in heat flux to the skin. The situations analyzed by Yang et al [14] are therefore different from the flaring cases analyzed in the present case, in which the heat flux decrease with time while a person flees the exposed area. Zhang et al [15] studied physical work (treadmill) for persons in underwear exposed to a constant 1 kW/m 2 or 2 kW/m 2 heat flux.…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

“…In modeling and testing scenarios for the development of skin burns, very many parameters determine the outcome of the heat exposure. In the study performed by Yang et al [14], the heat flow to the skin increased to about 2 kW/m 2 during 180 s heat exposure. They recorded an additional 10-15 s increase in skin surface temperature after the heat exposure, i.e., during the cooling, due to accumulated heat in the firefighting garments.…”

Section: Skin Damage Modelingmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Assuming that the person then walks away along the pavement at speed u (m/s), his/her location at time t > t o may then be calculated by x = u • (t − t o ), where t (s) is time. Based on the distance x, the current heat exposure is then calculated by Equation (14).…”

Section: Constantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The Pennes bioheat equation was utilized in the present study for assessing the corresponding skin overheating injury (damage integral). Some recent studies have investigated possible skin burns in low heat flux situations [14,15]. Yang et al [14] studied the heat flow to the skin through firefighting garments exposed to 8 kW/m 2 heat radiation and recorded heat flux to the skin gradually increasing to about 2 kW/m 2 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Some recent studies have investigated possible skin burns in low heat flux situations [14,15]. Yang et al [14] studied the heat flow to the skin through firefighting garments exposed to 8 kW/m 2 heat radiation and recorded heat flux to the skin gradually increasing to about 2 kW/m 2 . Physiological reactions such as sweat production were considered.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Expected Skin Burns from Accepted Process Flare Heat Radiation Levels to Public Passersby

Log

2021

Energies

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Hot flaring, even from quite high flare stacks, may result in significant heat radiation outside a facility to, e.g., public roads where random passersby may be exposed. The present study suggests a novel method for analyzing a typical flare heat radiation exposure and investigates skin burns that may be inflicted on an exposed person if a facility needs to depressurize in an emergency situation. A typical radiation field from an ignited natural gas vent was taken as the boundary condition, and these values were compared to radiation levels mentioned by the American Petroleum Institute (API 521), e.g., 1.58 kW/m2 and above. Due to facility perimeter fences along roads in larger industry areas, it was assumed that an exposed person may flee along a road rather than in the ideal direction away from the flare. It was assumed that naked skin, e.g., a bare shoulder or a bald head is exposed. The Pennes bioheat equation was numerically solved for the skin layers while the person escapes along the road. Sun radiation and convective heat exchange to the ambient air were included, and the subsequent skin injury was calculated based on the temperature development in the basal layer. Parameters affecting burn severity, such as heat radiation, solar radiation, and convective heat transfer coefficient, were analyzed. For small flares and ignited small cold vents, no skin burn would be expected for 1.58 kW/m2 or 3.16 kW/m2 maximum heat radiation at the skin surface. However, higher flare rates corresponding to, e.g., 4.0 kW/m2 maximum flare heat radiation to the skin, resulted both in higher basal layer temperatures and longer exposure time, thus increasing the damage integral significantly. It is demonstrated that the novel approach works well. In future studies, it may, e.g., be extended to cover escape through partly shielded escape routes.

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 73%

Section: Skin Damage Modelingmentioning

confidence: 96%

Section: Constantsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of Expected Skin Burns from Accepted Process Flare Heat Radiation Levels to Public Passersby

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Thermal modeling for supporting firefighting and emergency response planning

Wan

Parker

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2022

Process Safety Progress

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This literature review looks at the various types of approaches to industrial storage tank fires and evaluates how quantitative consequence analysis with thermal modeling may aid in the development of industrial site fire preplans and emergency response planning guidelines. Emergency response planners may employ the use of thermal contours on plot plans generated by available consequence modeling software. Such performance‐based approaches can effectively take into account the associated sociotechnical factors and site‐specific hazards. With these approaches, the planners can identify appropriate preventative actions and responses, such as the activation of cooling on adjacent equipment, as well as establishing safe approach/muster point distances from hazardous sources of thermal heat stress.

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Human response and productivity in hot environments with directed thermal radiation

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2021

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A new approach to predict heat stress and skin burn of firefighter under low-level thermal radiation

Cited by 11 publications

References 28 publications

Analysis of Expected Skin Burns from Accepted Process Flare Heat Radiation Levels to Public Passersby

Analysis of Expected Skin Burns from Accepted Process Flare Heat Radiation Levels to Public Passersby

Thermal modeling for supporting firefighting and emergency response planning

Human response and productivity in hot environments with directed thermal radiation

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