A New Soil Sampler and Elutriator for Collecting and Extracting Weed Seeds from Soil

Wiles, Lori J.; Barlin, Douglass H.; Schweizer, Edward E.; Duke, Harold R.; Whitt, Douglas E.

doi:10.1017/s0890037x0004567x

Cited by 67 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 12 publications

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“…2.2.1 in wire mesh tubes (0.28 mm mesh) for 3 h in an elutriator (Wiles et al, 1996). Roots were removed from the remaining soil by suspending the airdried sample in water and collecting the roots, which floated, with sieves followed by manual removal of any remaining non-root material that was present in the samples.…”

Section: Root Pool Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Two 4 cm diameter soil cores were taken within each 10.2 cm diameter root-free area to a 30 cm depth at each root sampling date. Bulk soil was washed from the roots with water using a soil elutriator (Wiles et al, 1996), roots were dried at 60 • C for 24 h, non-root biomass was removed from the roots by hand, and roots were weighed.…”

Section: In-season Root Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A deeper look at the relationship between root carbon pools and the vertical distribution of the soil carbon pool

Dietzel

Liebman

Archontoulis

2017

SOIL

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Abstract. Plant root material makes a substantial contribution to the soil organic carbon (C) pool, but this contribution is disproportionate below 20 cm where 30 % of root mass and 50 % of soil organic C is found. Root carbon inputs changed drastically when native perennial plant systems were shifted to cultivated annual plant systems. We used the reconstruction of a native prairie and a continuous maize field to examine both the relationship between root carbon and soil carbon and the fundamental rooting system differences between the vegetation under which the soils developed versus the vegetation under which the soils continue to change. In all treatments we found that root C : N ratios increased with depth, and this plays a role in why an unexpectedly large proportion of soil organic C is found below 20 cm. Measured root C : N ratios and turnover times along with modeled root turnover dynamics showed that in the historical shift from prairie to maize, a large, structural-tissue-dominated root C pool with slow turnover concentrated at shallow depths was replaced by a small, nonstructural-tissue-dominated root C pool with fast turnover evenly distributed in the soil profile. These differences in rooting systems suggest that while prairie roots contribute more C to the soil than maize at shallow depths, maize may contribute more C to soil C stocks than prairies at deeper depths.

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Section: Root Pool Collectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: In-season Root Growthmentioning

confidence: 99%

A deeper look at the relationship between root carbon pools and the vertical distribution of the soil carbon pool

Dietzel

Liebman

Archontoulis

2017

SOIL

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“…A mesh size of the smallest sieve of 0.25 mm was used also by other authors, such as Tulikov (1976), TeoSherrell et al (1996), Cardina and Sparrow (1996). A number of authors used the smallest sieve with a larger mesh size: 0.318 mm (Wiles et al 1996), 0.355 mm (Miele et al 1998) and 0.500 mm (Feldman et al 1997).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The seeds can be extracted from soil samples by hand (wheeling sieves under running water) or using various elutriation devices. For example, Gross and Renner (1989), Wiles et al (1996) and Miller et al (1998) used devices of different construction.The separated seeds are identified and counted. Seed viability has to be determined (a vegetation or non-vegetation method) for both methods in order to detect a number of living (germinable) seeds.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Improvement of an elutriation method for estimation of weed seedbank in the soil

Smutný¹,

Křen²

2002

PLANT SOIL ENVIRON

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A model experiment was conducted to compare hand extraction (elutriation) under running water and elutriation using the device Analysette 3, the two methods for estimation of weed seedbank in the soil. Technical parameters have been assessed for efficient operating of the device. We studied the time required for elutriation of soil samples and the time for collecting, counting and identifying the separated seeds. No significant difference in the effect of the used elutriation method on results of qualitative and quantitative estimation of weed seedbank densities has been found at any of the three locations differing in soil texture (silty loam, loam and clay loam soil). The time necessary for elutriation of soil samples was highly significantly shorter if the device was used, by 35.5 to 42.9% depending on soil texture vs. hand elutriation. The shortest time was assessed for silty loam soil. By contrast, the time needed for selecting, counting and identifying seeds was shortest for clay loam soil. This time was 46 and 92% longer for loam and silty loam soil, respectively. These differences were statistically highly significant. Comparing the seedbank in the soil, a significantly lower number of weed seeds as well as species was found on silty loam soil vs. the two locations with heavier soils. Amaranthus retroflexus was a dominating species at all locations, and on silty loam soil also Chenopodium album. Of a total number of 32 weed species detected in our experiment, 28 were annual and only four perennial (Cirsium arvense, Elytrigia repens, Rumex obtusifolius and Sonchus arvensis).Keywords: weed seedbank in soil; methods for assessment; elutriation methods; labour consumptionThe weed seedbank in the soil is caused by living reproduction organs of weeds. These are seeds and fruits (thereinafter seeds), shoots and root buds of vegetative organs present in the soil or on its surface.To assess a number of seeds in the topsoil is rather labour-and time-consuming process (Thompson and Grime 1979, Rahman et al. 1995). Some questions concerning particularly soil sampling (a number of samples, sample size for an analysis, a sampling technique use of various types of core samplers, sampling depth, etc.) have not been defined yet. According to Gross (1990), results can be influenced by the sampling time, a method for estimation and identification of seeds. Findings presented in literature have been obtained by sampling and an analysis of partial samples (Dvoøák and Krejèíø 1974), and based on the analysis of an average sample (Deèkov 1975).There are two methods for enumeration of weed seeds in the soil: a separation method when seeds are collected from the soil sample and counted, and a vegetation method when the seeds are left in sampled soil to germinate. Then, individual species are identified based on morphological characteristics of weed seedlings.The separation methods include elutriation (extraction by washing) and flotation methods. A common aim of these methods is to separate seeds from soil using physica...

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Interspecific variation in persistence of buried weed seeds follows trade‐offs among physiological, chemical, and physical seed defenses

Davis

Schutte

et al. 2016

Ecology and Evolution

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Soil seedbanks drive infestations of annual weeds, yet weed management focuses largely on seedling mortality. As weed seedbanks increasingly become reservoirs of herbicide resistance, species‐specific seedbank management approaches will be essential to weed control. However, the development of seedbank management strategies can only develop from an understanding of how seed traits affect persistence.We quantified interspecific trade‐offs among physiological, chemical, and physical traits of weed seeds and their persistence in the soil seedbank in a common garden study. Seeds of 11 annual weed species were buried in Savoy, IL, from 2007 through 2012. Seedling recruitment was measured weekly and seed viability measured annually. Seed physiological (dormancy), chemical (phenolic compound diversity and concentration; invertebrate toxicity), and physical traits (seed coat mass, thickness, and rupture resistance) were measured.Seed half‐life in the soil (t 0.5) showed strong interspecific variation (F 10,30 = 15, p < .0001), ranging from 0.25 years (Bassia scoparia) to 2.22 years (Abutilon theophrasti). Modeling covariances among seed traits and seedbank persistence quantified support for two putative defense syndromes (physiological–chemical and physical–chemical) and highlighted the central role of seed dormancy in controlling seed persistence.A quantitative comparison between our results and other published work indicated that weed seed dormancy and seedbank persistence are linked across diverse environments and agroecosystems. Moreover, among seedbank‐forming early successional plant species, relative investment in chemical and physical seed defense varies with seedbank persistence. Synthesis and applications. Strong covariance among weed seed traits and persistence in the soil seedbank indicates potential for seedbank management practices tailored to specific weed species. In particular, species with high t 0.5 values tend to invest less in chemical defenses. This makes them highly vulnerable to physical harvest weed seed control strategies, with small amounts of damage resulting in their full decay.

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A New Soil Sampler and Elutriator for Collecting and Extracting Weed Seeds from Soil

Cited by 67 publications

References 12 publications

A deeper look at the relationship between root carbon pools and the vertical distribution of the soil carbon pool

A deeper look at the relationship between root carbon pools and the vertical distribution of the soil carbon pool

Improvement of an elutriation method for estimation of weed seedbank in the soil

Interspecific variation in persistence of buried weed seeds follows trade‐offs among physiological, chemical, and physical seed defenses

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