A New Technique for High Resistance Fault Detection during Power Swing for Distance Relay

Progress on power swing blocking schemes and the impact of renewable energy on power swing characteristics: A review

“…However, most research has only derived it using Gaussian function, where the derivation is as stated in [49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. Most importantly, it has shown to have absolute referenced phase information and frequency invariant amplitude response.…”

Three zone detection and distance relay co-ordination of power system protection

“…So, the impedance measured by relay will never enter into the R-X characteristics in result relay will not respond. But during abnormal such as fault conditions, the value of V falldown to a low value whereas the I value suddenly raises which makes the Z value to falldown [19,20], results the relay will respond immediately. The circuit breakers which are attached to the power carrying lines are operated with variation in Z value with reference to the faults, either at source or at load ends.…”