A north-south comparison of blood pressure and factors related to blood pressure in the People??s Republic of China

Spatiotemporal variation in diabetes mortality in China: multilevel evidence from 2006 and 2012

“…Compared with the south, people in north had higher body mass index, sodium intake, sodium/potassium ratio, and higher intake of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and vitamins A and C [38,39].…”

Nutrient intakes of middle-aged men and women in China, Japan, United Kingdom, and United States in the late 1990s: The INTERMAP Study

“…In this context, the greater East Asian intake of salt and higher dietary Na/K, especially for China, loom large as probable contributors to upward slope of BP during adulthood resulting in high average SBP/ DBP for the population from middle age on and high prevalence rates of adverse SBP/DBP levels, despite low average BMI. [9][10][11]16,17,[29][30][31][32][33][34][35] For China, comparatively low intake of total protein, especially animal protein, and of calcium may also be factors playing a role in development of adverse SBP/DBP levels and high risk of strokes. In this regard, it is a reasonable inference that decades-long successful public health efforts in Japan to reduce salt intake and improve protein nutrition and dietary levels of 'protective' micronutrients probably contributed importantly to the dramatic sustained decline in stroke mortality rates of both men and womenFalong with efforts to detect, treat, and control prevalent high BP.…”

Ten-year incidence of elevated blood pressure and its predictors: The CARDIA Study

“…While cigarette smoking has generally been inversely related to BP in cross-sectional studies, [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] it was positively related to hypertension incidence in the Israeli Ischemic Heart Disease Study 6 and the Meharry Cohort Study 17 without control for other risk factors. In CARDIA, cigarette smoking was positively related to EBP in each sex-race group in both univariate and multivariate analyses, with significant associations in univariate analyses in black men and women and white men.…”

“…[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13][14][15] Heart rate and cigarette smoking have also been positively related to incidence of hypertension, 3,[5][6][7][8]12,14,[16][17][18] although cigarette smoking has generally been inversely related to blood pressure (BP) in cross-sectional studies. [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27] Education and social status have been inversely related to BP and hypertension in both cross-sectional and prospective studies. 12,16,23,28,29 Only four prospective studies examined one or more of these variables as possible risk factors for hypertension separately in black subjects 9,12,16 or women.…”