A Note on the Adaptation of English Loanwords in Polish

Buszel, Kombajner, and Rels: Fisiak’s 1961 Corpus of English Borrowings in Polish Fifty Five Years Later

“…: spray), (e) trymowanie (Engl. : trimming), which in Fisiak (1961aFisiak ( , 1970 exist in the following respective meanings: (a) "an athlete occupying last position/passenger ship", (b) "flotilla leader", (c) "a device to record the ship navigation", (d) "drops of water instigated by marine breeze", and (e) "the process of distributing weights to assure maximum ship stability" did not in fact acquire new meanings in the course of the last 55 years. As a matter of fact, during that time-span they have been re-borrowed into Polish, but in the new denotations which eventually pushed the original/older meanings aside; thus, lajner (it also exists in its original, English orthography: liner) enter Polish in the collocation eye liner and such a usage can be encountered frequently on the Polish web; 20 lider (also: leader) is very rarely used in the meaning of a leading ship, since lider (leader) was borrowed to Polish later on as a person who leads other people, groups of people, has authority to tell people what to do, etc.…”

“…Likewise, however to a more limited extent, the word tramp (Fisiak's denotation: "a cargo ship which does not cruise regularly") is currently used in a signification different from Fisiak's (1961aFisiak's ( , 1970. Interestingly, Cambridge Dictionary Online 21 does not provide such a definition of the word -the only one given is "someone who has no home, job, or money and who lives outside" (s. v. tramp); that is exactly the meaning attested in contemporary Polish.…”

“…The present sub-section does not aim at tracing back changes in orthography of the selected group of borrowings since their earliest days in Polish; rather, it aims at observing what has changed between the orthographic version(s) offered in Fisiak (1961aFisiak ( , 1970 and the one(s) found in either the National Corpus of Polish or the Internet entries dating from the year 2000 onwards (or both). The information given below is by no means definite since one cannot be sure that the orthographic variants provided by Fisiak in his dissertation were the only ones present in Polish over fifty years ago (amongst a variety of issues Fisiak tackled in his work on English borrowings in Polish spelling was not one of them).…”

“…The extended meaning of drajw, next to the one noted by Fisiak (1961aFisiak ( , 1970, is exemplified by quotes 2 and 3:…”

Evidence of Lexical Re-Borrowing in the Spoken English of First Generation Finnish-Australians

“…Particular attention has been paid to contact situations between English and other languages. For example, work related to English in contact includes that of Stoffel (1981), who pays attention to the adaptation of loan-words from English in New Zealand Serbo-Croation; Fisiak (1985), who looks at the adaptation of English loan-words, verbs in particular, in Polish; Diensberg (1986), who examines phonological aspects of French loan-words in English; Jokweni (1992), who studies English and Afrikaans loan-words in Xhosa; Eggarter (1995), who examines the influence of English loanwords in German; and Rees-Miller (1996), who investigates morphological adaptations of English loan-words in Algonquian.…”