Pre-existing maternal diabetes is a high risk factor of diabetic embryopathy, such as neural tube defects (NTDs) and congenital heart defects (CHD). Maternal diabetes significantly increases the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) resulting in oxidative stress and diabetic embryopathy. Multiple cellular and metabolic factors contribute to these processes. FoxO3a has been demonstrated as a key transcription factor in the signaling transduction pathways responsible for maternal diabetes-induced birth defects. ASK1 activated by oxidative stress stimulates nuclear translocation of FoxO3a, resulting in over-expression of TRADD, which, in turn, leads to caspase 8 activation and apoptosis. Maternal diabetes-activated JNK1/2, downstream effectors of ASK1, can be blocked by SOD1 overexpression, suggesting that oxidative stress is responsible for JNK1/2 signaling activation. Deletion of JNK1/2 significantly suppressed the activity of FoxO3a. These obersvations indicate that maternal diabetes-induced oxidative stress stimulates the activation of ASK1, JNK1/2, FoxO3a, TRADD, caspase 8 cleavage, finally, apoptosis and diabetic embryopathy.