A novel dielectric fluid immersion cooling technology for Li-ion battery thermal management

Patil, Mahesh Suresh; Seo, Jae-Hyeong; Lee, Moo‐Yeon

doi:10.1016/j.enconman.2020.113715

Cited by 170 publications

(45 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Deng et al [21] extended the use of oil based immersion cooling further and discussed that higher viscosity of oil results in a limited improvement of 1.5-3 times in heat transfer at the same pressure drop compared to air cooling. More recently, experimental and numerical work performed by Sundin and Sponholtz [22], Pulugundla et al [7], and Patil et al [23] showed encouraging thermal performance of immersion cooling. Specifically, Sundin and Sponholtz [22] conducted an experimental investigation showing lower temperatures of a 68 Ah prismatic Li-ion cell under their charge/discharge cycle and directly compared the thermal performance of immersion cooling against that of air cooling.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…They demonstrated that at a 3 C continuous discharge from a cell voltage of 4.1 V to 3 V, temperature of the cell and the temperature gradient along the vertical direction (from the top to the bottom of the cell) is reduced considerably compared to the cold-plate based cooling due to the direct contact of the dielectric cooling liquid with the cell. Patil et al [23] investigated experimentally and numerically the performance of dielectric immersion cooling strategy on a single pouch cell and a 50 V battery pack comprised of 14 pouch cells. They evaluated the effectiveness of various combinations of immersion cooling and air cooling with respect to maximum cell temperatures.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Direct Comparison of Immersion and Cold-Plate Based Cooling for Automotive Li-Ion Battery Modules

Dubey¹,

Pulugundla²,

Srouji³

2021

Energies

103

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The current paper evaluates the thermal performance of immersion cooling for an Electric Vehicle (EV) battery module comprised of NCA-chemistry based cylindrical 21700 format Lithium-ion cells. Efficacy of immersion cooling in improving maximum cell temperature, cell’s temperature gradient, cell-to-cell temperature differential, and pressure drop in the module are investigated by direct comparison with a cold-plate-cooled battery module. Parametric analyses are performed at different module discharge C-rates and coolant flow rates to understand the sensitivity of each cooling strategy to important system performance parameters. The entire numerical analysis is performed using a validated 3D time-accurate Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) methodology in STAR-CCM+. Results demonstrate that immersion cooling due its higher thermal conductance leads to a lower maximum cell temperature and lower temperature gradients within the cells at high discharge rates. However, a higher rate of heat rejection and poor thermal properties of the dielectric liquid results in a much higher temperature non-uniformity across the module. At lower discharge rates, the two cooling methods show similar thermal performance. Additionally, owing to the lower viscosity and density of the considered dielectric liquid, an immersion-cooled battery module performs significantly better than the cold-plate-cooled module in terms of both coolant pressure drop.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Direct Comparison of Immersion and Cold-Plate Based Cooling for Automotive Li-Ion Battery Modules

Dubey¹,

Pulugundla²,

Srouji³

2021

Energies

103

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“…Direct liquid cooling (immersion cooling) uses the liquid medium such as mineral oil or silicone oil to make direct contact with the battery cells for cooling. The battery cells are immersed or partially immersed in the cooling medium, which greatly reduces the contact thermal resistance and enhances the cooling effect of the systems (Chen et al, 2016;Suresh Patil et al, 2021). The immersion cooling system can reduce the temperature of the battery pack by 9.3% compared to the indirect cooling system (Suresh Patil et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The battery cells are immersed or partially immersed in the cooling medium, which greatly reduces the contact thermal resistance and enhances the cooling effect of the systems (Chen et al, 2016;Suresh Patil et al, 2021). The immersion cooling system can reduce the temperature of the battery pack by 9.3% compared to the indirect cooling system (Suresh Patil et al, 2021). In addition, immersion cooling systems are simpler and more compact without complex cooling channels or cold plates (Tan et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Experimental and Simulative Investigations on a Water Immersion Cooling System for Cylindrical Battery Cells

et al. 2022

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High charge/discharge rates and high energy density require a greater cooling power and a more compact structure for battery thermal management systems. The Immersion cooling (direct liquid cooling) system reduces the thermal resistance between the cooling medium and the battery and greatly enhances the cooling effect of the system. However, the high viscosity and low specific heat capacity of dielectric fluid limit the cooling effect of immersion cooling. This study presents an immersion cooling system that uses water as the cooling medium. In this system, a special seal structure was designed to prevent contact between water and the battery’s electrodes. The cooling effect of the system on the battery pack was numerically studied. Even if the battery pack is discharged at 3 C rate, a small water flow rate (200 ml/min) can ensure that the maximum temperature of the battery pack falls below 50°C. However, a good cooling capacity will increase the temperature difference of the battery pack. The temperature difference of the battery pack is difficult to reduce to 5°C until the water flow rate exceeds 1,000 ml/min. Adding a buffer structure at the inlet/outlet can be reduced the negative effects of the turbulent flow and then improve the temperature uniformity of the battery pack. These findings provide a better understanding of the influencing factors of the water immersion cooling system and can help to design a better immersion cooling system.

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“…Effects of the flow velocity, the channel height, the multilayer structure, and the cross-flowing configuration were elucidated. Patil et al [39] modeled a 50 V lithium-ion battery pack cooled by direct single-phase liquid cooling. An MSMD approach with NTGK submodel was used in their research, and it was found that the dielectric fluid direct cooling facilitated in maintaining the pack temperature under 40 • C under 3C discharge condition with a moderate pumping power, which means the direct cooling is a promising cooling method for lithium-ion batteries.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Three-Dimensional Thermal Simulations of 18650 Lithium-Ion Batteries Cooled by Different Schemes under High Rate Discharging and External Shorting Conditions

Zhou

Zhao

et al. 2021

Energies

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In this work, three-dimensional thermal simulations of single 18650 lithium-ion battery cell and 75 V lithium-ion battery pack composed of 21 18650 battery cells are performed based on a multi-scale multi-domain (MSMD) battery modeling approach. Different cooling approaches’ effects on 18650 lithium-ion battery and battery pack thermal management under fast discharging and external shorting conditions are investigated and compared. It is found that for the natural convection, forced air cooling, and/or mini-channel liquid cooling approaches, the temperature of battery cell easily exceeds 40 °C under 3C rate discharging condition. While under external shorting condition, the temperature of cell rises sharply and reaches the 80 °C in a short period of time, which can trigger thermal runaway and may even lead to catastrophic battery fire. On the other hand, when the cooling method is single-phase direct cooling with FC-72 as coolant or two-phase immersed cooling by HFE-7000, the cell temperature is effectively limited to a tolerable level under both high C rate discharging and external shorting conditions. In addition, two-phase immersed cooling scheme is found to lead to better temperature uniformity according to the 75 V battery pack simulations.

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A novel dielectric fluid immersion cooling technology for Li-ion battery thermal management

Cited by 170 publications

References 42 publications

Direct Comparison of Immersion and Cold-Plate Based Cooling for Automotive Li-Ion Battery Modules

Direct Comparison of Immersion and Cold-Plate Based Cooling for Automotive Li-Ion Battery Modules

Experimental and Simulative Investigations on a Water Immersion Cooling System for Cylindrical Battery Cells

Three-Dimensional Thermal Simulations of 18650 Lithium-Ion Batteries Cooled by Different Schemes under High Rate Discharging and External Shorting Conditions

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