“…Hence, the higher the fitness is, the greater the swarm finds the threshold to segment the target from the background. Common swarm intelligence algorithms include the whale optimization algorithm [1,29], Harris hawks optimization [2], artificial neural networks [3,11,30], deep learning [4,12,21,38], gray wolf optimization [5,39], particle swarm optimization [7,23,40], differential evolution algorithm [9], cuckoo search algorithm [10], ant colony optimization [13,33], genetic algorithm [14,40], artificial bee colony algorithm [15,25], sparrow search algorithm [16], moth swarm algorithm (MSA) [24], emperor penguin optimization (EPO) [26], marine predators algorithm (MPA) [27], salp swarm algorithm (SSA) [27], firefly algorithm (FA) [28], Aptenodytes Forsteri optimization algorithm (AFOA) [32], artificial fish swarm algorithm (AFSA) [36], artificial plant community (APC) [41,42], krill swarm (KS) [43], immune system (IS) [44], naked mole-rat algorithm (NMRA) [45], attention mechanism [46], and so on.…”