A novel sodium N-fatty acyl amino acid surfactant using silkworm pupae as stock material

Abstract

A novel sodium N-fatty acyl amino acid (SFAAA) surfactant was synthesized using pupa oil and pupa protein hydrolysates (PPH) from a waste product of the silk industry. The aliphatic acids from pupa oil were modified into N-fatty acyl chlorides by thionyl chloride (SOCl2). SFAAA was synthesized using acyl chlorides and PPH. GC-MS analysis showed fatty acids from pupa oil consist mainly of unsaturated linolenic and linoleic acids and saturated palmitic and stearic acids. SFAAA had a low critical micelle concentration, great efficiency in lowering surface tension and strong adsorption at an air/water interface. SFAAA had a high emulsifying power, as well as a high foaming power. The emulsifying power of PPH and SFAAA in an oil/water emulsion was better with ethyl acetate as the oil phase compared to n-hexane. The environment-friendly surfactant made entirely from silkworm pupae could promote sustainable development of the silk industry.

Novel zwitterionic surfactant derived from castor oil and its performance evaluation for oil recovery

“…Biomass is seen as the most potent substitute to petroleum 37 chemicals to be used as alternative resource of surfactants [4][5][6][7][8]. Non-edible vegetable 38 oil, which is one of the most common kinds in biomass, has become an area of great 39 interests as platform chemicals for surfactants, biodiesel, biopolymers etc., due to their 40 universal availability, inherent biodegradability and low costs [9][10][11][12]. Castor oil is a kind 41 of non-edible oil with high production, and the global castor seed production is 42 estimated over one million tons per year.…”

Biosafety Evaluation of Three Sodium Lauryl N‐Amino Acids Synthesized from Silk Industrial Waste in Mice

“…The peak at 3340 cm (N-H) confirmed the Cebpa-R GTCACTGGTCAACTCCAGCAC presence of amide bond, while peaks at 2935 and 2861 cm (-CH stretching bands) of significant intensity were characteristic of the presence of methyl groups. According to the experimental results obtained previously by authors [17], there were no two peaks in the raw material (the mixture of 16 amino acids). The FT-IR spectrum showed a carbonyl stretched at 1650 cm and carbon-nitrogen bond stretched at 1410 cm.…”

“…Hence, it is important to develop a method to utilize these wastes. MH Wu et al reported N-fatty acyl amino acid surfactant synthesized by silk sericin [16] and silkworm pupa protein [17] recovered from silk reeling. Xia et al reported synthetic surfactants from waste silk protein [20].…”

“…Recently, our group has also developed several novel amino acid-based surfactants from the hydrolysates of silk protein and pupa protein. These anionic surfactants are referred to as silk sericin surfactant (SSS) [16], silkworm pupae surfactant (SPS) [17], and silk fibroin surfactant (SFS). Although the amino acid surfactant is known to be an environmentally friendly product, little is known about its effect on the safety of humans, except for an investigation on the effects of this surfactant on the lungs reported by Huang et al [18].…”

Protein‐Based Delivery Systems for the Nanoencapsulation of Food Ingredients

“…Lipid molecules can also be covalently attached to protein molecules to alter their functional attributes. For instance, proteins can be conjugated to fatty acid chains using an acylation reaction, which increases their hydrophobicity, surface‐activity, and emulsifying capacity (Wu, Wan, & Zhang, ). Incorporation of hydrocarbon chains into the protein macromolecules leads to formation of amphiphilic compounds with improved surface activity.…”