A parallel-hybrid drive-train for propulsion of a small scooter

Abstract

The paper presents the results of a two year study regarding the use of an innovative drive-train, having a parallel-hybrid structure, in a small scooter, in which a conventional internal combustion engine is coupled with an electric motor for the vehicle propulsion.The developed architecture enhances the maximum vehicle power, by exploiting the braking energy (by recovering it into the provided electrochemical accumulator), and operating the vehicle in zero emission mode for limited ranges. Moreover, it allows for recharging the inner battery from the electric mains, which is extremely appealing in terms of operating costs.According to the simulation results, the hybridization is able to enhance the maximum power of the scooter by 1.1 kW (around 50%), without changing the fuel consumption, and to allow a pureelectric operation with a range of 15-20 km; when the propulsion power comes only from the onboard batteries, and they are recharged from the electric mains, the operation cost per km is around a quarter the cost of corresponding fuel consumption of a vehicle without hybridization. Index Terms-Hybridization, internal combustion engine (ICE). NOMENCLATURE CVT Continuously variable transmission: a mechanicaltransmission the speed ratio of which is continuously and automatically varied so that the vehicle can be operated without the need of a gear box.DAC dc-to-ac-converter: an electronic, bidirectional converter able to convert the dc electric energy from the battery into the ac energy needed by the EMC.EMC Electromechanical converter: an electric machine operated either as a motor or as a generator. PMS Propulsion management system: a controller that receives the driver commands, interprets them and translates them into commands for the two vehicle propulsion torque sources (ICE and EMC) HOD Hybrid operation drive: it is the mode of operation of the proposed vehicle in which ICE and EMC work together to generate the propulsion power. ICE Internal combustion engine. Manuscript received March 17, 2005; revised October 26, 2005. Recommended by Associate Editor J. Shen. M. Ceraolo is with the Dipartimento

Urban and Extra-Urban Hybrid Vehicles: A Technological Review

“…In this case, the energy storage is provided by ultra-capacitors. The configuration is parallel hybrid, where the innovative drive train is coupled with a conventional ICE [39,40].…”

Design and performance of a power train for mild-hybrid motorcycle prototype

“…I N recent years, interest for mild hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) is growing up, mainly for fuel saving and emission reduction, [1], [2]. In the motorcycles the transition from conventional Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) vehicles to HEVs is very attractive but there are still open issues and possible optimizations to be investigated in order to optimize the size and the weight of the electric parts on-board.…”

Simulation for the analysis of a hybrid electric scooter powertrain

“…Since scooters have little internal space and there is a need for it to be inexpensive, it is speed ratio of one dof PGT R F2 speed ratio of two dofs PGT R w drive wheel radius (m) r, c, s ring gear, carrier and sun gear of simple PGT r E speed ratio of engine mode and engine/charging mode r fd speed ratio of final reduction drive r G speed ratio of generator to engine as operating in engine/charging mode r M speed ratio of electric-motor mode r P speed ratio of power mode r reg speed ratio of regenerative-braking mode r sP speed ratio of split power system SOC state of charge of battery T E torque required by engine ðN mÞ T Emax engine maximum output torque ðN mÞ T fd torque required by the input shaft of final drive ðN mÞ T G generator charging torque ðN mÞ T L traction torque of vehicle ðN mÞ T M torque required by electric motor ðN mÞ T req vehicle required torque ðN mÞ T w torque required by output shaft ðN mÞ TMDC Taipei motorcycle driving cycle t time in seconds (s) V max maximum vehicle-speed (km/h) difficult to install the transmission devices for a hybrid power-system. Consequently, very few hybrid powersystems are currently used in scooters [8][9][10][11][12]. Simulation based analysis of vehicle performance is significant to the development of the new design of hybrid powertrain systems.…”