“…However, the range of PD applications is broad and not limited to fracture mechanics. Various applications and extensions of PD other than those dealing exclusively with material failure include quasi-static problems [16][17][18][19][20], coupled problems [21][22][23], multiscale modeling [24][25][26][27][28][29][30], structural mechanics [31][32][33][34][35], constitutive models [36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44], plasticity [45,46], biomechanics [47,48] and wave dispersion [49][50][51][52][53][54][55]. For an extensive study of the balance laws, applications, and implementations, see [56], and for a brief description of PD together with a review of its applications and related studies in different fields to date, see the review [57].…”