“…Different degrees of politeness may occur in interaction, and these may be influenced by different social factors such as 1) vertical distance between the speaker and hearer; 2) horizontal distance, which is identified in terms of the intimacy, familiarity, solidarity, and the deference relations between the speaker and the hearer (2005); 3) weight or value, which refers to the social distinction attached to what is transacted; 4) strength of socially defined rights and obligations, which refers to the relation between teacher and student, a lover and his lover, host and guest; and 5) 'self-territory' and 'other-territory,' which refer to the degree of memberships of in-groups and out-groups. According to Brookins (2010), two social variants are involved in such a social scale, which are social groups in which the exclusion of others from the interactions means that the speaker is less polite, and romance, in which the speaker is more polite with those included and "less polite towards those not included in his romance" (Brookins, 2010(Brookins, , p. 1293).…”