A population-based survey of Haemophilus influenzae type b nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence in Lombok Island, Indonesia

Gessner, Bradford D.; Sutanto, Agustinus; Steinhoff, Mark C.; Soewignjo, S.; Widjaya, Anton; Nelson, Carib; Arjoso, Soemarjati

doi:10.1097/00006454-199809001-00018

Cited by 28 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…An asterisk indicates that a new ST number has been assigned for isolates identified in this study. similar to that found in Indonesia where carriage rates were 4.6% (8). In the Indonesian population, a Hib vaccine probe study indicated that the incidence rate of Hib-caused meningitis is Ͼ70/100,000 children under 5 years old (7), a rate 20 times the rate identified from hospital-based microbiological studies in this Nepali population (12).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Haemophilus influenzae Type b Carriage and Novel Bacterial Population Structure among Children in Urban Kathmandu, Nepal

Williams¹,

Lewis²,

John³

et al. 2011

J Clin Microbiol

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Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) is a major cause of invasive bacterial infection in children that can be prevented by a vaccine, but there is still uncertainty about its relative importance in Asia. This study investigated the age-specific prevalence of Hib carriage and its molecular epidemiology in carriage and disease in Nepal. Oropharyngeal swabs were collected from children in Kathmandu, Nepal, from 3 different settings: a hospital outpatient department (OPD), schools, and children's homes. Hib was isolated using Hib antiserum agar plates, and serotyping was performed with latex agglutination. Hib isolates from children with invasive disease were obtained during active microbiological surveillance at Patan Hospital, Kathmandu, Nepal. Genotyping of disease and carriage isolates was undertaken using multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Swabs were taken from 2,195 children, including 1,311 children at an OPD, 647 children attending schools, and 237 children in homes. Overall, Hib was identified in 5.0% (110/2,195; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 3.9% to 6.4%). MLST was performed on 108 Hib isolates from children carrying Hib isolates and 15 isolates from children with invasive disease. Thirty-one sequence types (STs) were identified, and 20 of these were novel STs. The most common ST isolates were sequence type 6 (ST6) and the novel ST722. There was marked heterogeneity among the STs from children with disease and children carrying Hib. STs identified from invasive infections were those commonly identified in carriage. This study provides evidence of Hib carriage among children in urban Nepal with genetically diverse strains prior to introduction of universal vaccination. The Hib carriage rate in Nepal was similar to the rates observed in other populations with documented high disease rates prior to vaccination, supporting implementation of Hib vaccine in Nepal in 2009.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 75%

Haemophilus influenzae Type b Carriage and Novel Bacterial Population Structure among Children in Urban Kathmandu, Nepal

Williams¹,

Lewis²,

John³

et al. 2011

J Clin Microbiol

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“…The prevalence of Hib carriage was approximately 5% in these studies, with the highest prevalence (10.9%) in rural children [72]–[74]. The percentage of H. influenzae isolates that belonged to serotype b was 0.7%–69% in healthy children [43], [55], [73]–[76], 0.9%–18% in sick children [61], [62], [77], and 49% in immunocompromised children [70]. Non-typeable H. influenzae were isolated frequently in studies in which serotyping of H. influenzae was undertaken (31%–96.4% of all isolates) [55], [62], [76], except for one study in Nepalese children that reported a prevalence of non-typeable H. influenzae of only 1.5% based on oropharyngeal swabs [74].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 61%

Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Other Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens in Low and Lower-Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

et al. 2014

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BackgroundInfection with Streptococcus pneumoniae is a major cause of childhood morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in low income countries where pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCVs) are still underused. In countries where PCVs have been introduced, much of their efficacy has resulted from their impact on nasopharyngeal carriage in vaccinated children. Understanding the epidemiology of carriage for S. pneumoniae and other common respiratory bacteria in developing countries is crucial for implementing appropriate vaccination strategies and evaluating their impact.Methods and FindingsWe have systematically reviewed published studies reporting nasopharyngeal or oropharyngeal carriage of S. pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Staphylococcus aureus, and Neisseria meningitidis in children and adults in low and lower-middle income countries. Studies reporting pneumococcal carriage for healthy children <5 years of age were selected for a meta-analysis. The prevalences of carriage for S. pneumoniae, H. influenzae, and M. catarrhalis were generally higher in low income than in lower-middle income countries and were higher in young children than in adults. The prevalence of S. aureus was high in neonates. Meta-analysis of data from young children before the introduction of PCVs showed a pooled prevalence estimate of 64.8% (95% confidence interval, 49.8%–76.1%) in low income countries and 47.8% (95% confidence interval, 44.7%–50.8%) in lower-middle income countries. The most frequent serotypes were 6A, 6B, 19A, 19F, and 23F.ConclusionsIn low and lower-middle income countries, pneumococcal carriage is frequent, especially in children, and the spectrum of serotypes is wide. However, because data are limited, additional studies are needed to adequately assess the impact of PCV introduction on carriage of respiratory bacteria in these countries.

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“…Furthermore, they found H influenzae in 14.0%, 9.1%, 21%, and 19.6% of the isolates respectively, while our study found only one H influenzae (0.56%). A population-based survey of 9 The big difference results need further study, due to many factors influencing the prevalence of bacterial carriage in the throat.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage and antimicrobial resistance in underfive children with community acquired pneumonia

Kartasasmita¹,

Duddy²,

Sudigdoadi³

et al. 2002

Med J Indones

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A population-based survey of Haemophilus influenzae type b nasopharyngeal carriage prevalence in Lombok Island, Indonesia

Cited by 28 publications

References 20 publications

Haemophilus influenzae Type b Carriage and Novel Bacterial Population Structure among Children in Urban Kathmandu, Nepal

Haemophilus influenzae Type b Carriage and Novel Bacterial Population Structure among Children in Urban Kathmandu, Nepal

Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae and Other Respiratory Bacterial Pathogens in Low and Lower-Middle Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Nasopharyngeal bacterial carriage and antimicrobial resistance in underfive children with community acquired pneumonia

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