A Rationally Designed, Spiropyran-Based Chemosensor for Magnesium

Sylvia, Georgina M.; Mak, Adrian M.; Heng, Sabrina; Bachhuka, Akash; Ebendorff‐Heidepriem, Heike; Abell, Andrew D.

doi:10.3390/chemosensors6020017

Cited by 12 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 54 publications

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“…This result indicated that cytosolic Mg 2+ played a vital role in governing intracellular formation of 2D-CB [6], consistent with the fact that 1) the concentration of cytosolic Mg 2+ (0.6-0.8 mm) exceeded that of Ca 2+ (2-3 µm) by approximately 300-fold, [27] and 2) MC displayed a 3-fold higher binding affinity for Mg 2+ (K a = 1.6 × 10 5 m −1 ) over Ca 2+ (K a = 0.5 × 10 5 m −1 ). [28] Since the resultant 2D materials in Figure 4c 1 -c 3 were micrometer-sized (Figure 5a,b), we believed they were too large to be endocytosed from outside the cell. This conclusion was confirmed by flow cytometric analysis of cells incubated with 2D-CB [6] extracted from their "mother" cells.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Spiropyran‐Appended Cucurbit[6]uril Enabling Direct Generation of 2D Materials inside Living Cells

Hou

Zhou

et al. 2021

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some 2D materials translocate into living cells via endocytosis, offering a promising platform that enables intracellular bioimaging, [1][2][3] biosensing, [4][5][6] or disease theranostics. [7][8][9][10] Despite encouraging advances in this emerging field, one major challenge lies in managing the trade-off between lateral size of the 2D platform and their cellular uptake. In general, 2D materials with a small lateral dimension are easily taken up by cells but clear fast. One typical example [11] is doxorubicinloaded 2D molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) nanosheets recently reported for synergistic chemo-photothermal cancer therapy. The drug-loaded MoS 2 platform, due to its small lateral size (≈116 nm), could be well internalized by cancer cells, but suffered from exocytosis that compromised the therapeutic effect unless exocytosis inhibitor was added. In comparison, large 2D materials have longer retention time in cells, thus affording greater potency to serve as intracellular functional platforms than small counterparts of the same composition. However, an ultrahigh-aspect-ratio makes the endocytosis of very large 2D materials extremely difficult. [12,13] Having this dilemma in mind, previous researchers had to employ relatively small 2D materials (lateral dimension < 200 nm) as intracellular signaling or theranostic platforms, [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11] simply because they were readily endocytosable compared with micrometer-sized counterparts, even though the latter were conceivably more qualifying candidates.Indeed, 2D materials, regardless of chemical composition, can invariably be regarded as an assembly composed of laterally connected areal monomeric units that extend in two orthogonal directions. [14,15] These monomers are typically less than 1 nm in size, thus having no trouble being internalized and enriched inside living cells. Bearing this in mind, we envision unprecedentedly large 2D materials can be directly generated in cell milieu provided that the internalized monomers in situ polymerize efficiently with the inter-monomer connections being strictly confined to lateral directions. As such, the otherwise non-endocytosable large 2D materials can eventually enter the cells, addressing the lateral size versus cellular uptake trade-off aforementioned.An areal monomeric unit designed for such a purpose then must meet several demanding requirements: 1) it should be The unique structural advantage and physicochemical properties render some 2D materials emerging platforms for intracellular bioimaging, biosensing, or disease theranostics. Despite recent advances in this field, one major challenge lies in bypassing the endocytic uptake barrier to allow internalization of very large 2D materials that have longer retention time in cells, and hence greater potency as intracellular functional platforms than small, endocytosable counterparts. Here, an engineered cucurbit[6]uril carrying at its periphery multiple spiropyran pendants that readily translocates into cytosol, and then polymerizes laterally and non-c...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Spiropyran‐Appended Cucurbit[6]uril Enabling Direct Generation of 2D Materials inside Living Cells

Hou

Zhou

et al. 2021

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“…Thus, photoswitchable fluorophores are of particular interest for sensing + imaging fiber probes. Photoswitchable metal-ion-sensitive fluorophores have been integrated with fibers via two methods: (i) attached to the fiber end of traditional solid fibers or the core surface along the length of suspended core MOFs [ 50 ] or (ii) embedded in a coating on the core surface along the length of exposed core MOFs [ 38 ]. Both methods have potential to be used for coating an imaging fiber to achieve a re-usable sensing + imaging fiber probe.…”

Section: Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Single-fiber probes for combined sensing and imaging in biological tissue: recent developments and prospects

Li,

Warren-Smith,

McLaughlin

et al. 2024

Biomed. Opt. Express

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Single-fiber-based sensing and imaging probes enable the co-located and simultaneous observation and measurement (i.e., ‘sense’ and ‘see’) of intricate biological processes within deep anatomical structures. This innovation opens new opportunities for investigating complex physiological phenomena and potentially allows more accurate diagnosis and monitoring of disease. This prospective review starts with presenting recent studies of single-fiber-based probes for concurrent and co-located fluorescence-based sensing and imaging. Notwithstanding the successful initial demonstration of integrated sensing and imaging within single-fiber-based miniaturized devices, the realization of these devices with enhanced sensing sensitivity and imaging resolution poses notable challenges. These challenges, in turn, present opportunities for future research, including the design and fabrication of complex lens systems and fiber architectures, the integration of novel materials and other sensing and imaging techniques.

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“…Sylvia et al reported the rational design and photophysical characterization of spiropyran-based chemosensors for magnesium (Mg 2+ ), a divalent cation important in mammalian cell function [2]. The sensor showed up to a two-fold increase in fluorescence upon interaction with Mg 2+ and had a three-fold higher dissociation constant for Ca 2+ , as compared to the Kd value for Mg 2+ .…”

Section: The Special Issuementioning

confidence: 99%