“…Up to now, many methods for the determination of DA and ST have been reported, including spectrophotometry, fluorescence, high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), , mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis, and enzyme-linked immune sorbent assay (ELISA) . However, these methods are expensive, difficult, and time-consuming . Compared with these technologies, electrochemical sensors have attracted much attention among researchers due to their low cost, fast response, good stability, and high sensitivity. , As we all know, electrode materials are the key factor affecting the analytical performance of electrochemical sensors .…”