A Review: Halogenated Compounds from Marine Fungi

Lu, Huanyun; Lan, Jianzhou; Zaman, K.; Cao, Shugeng

doi:10.3390/molecules26020458

Cited by 24 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 117 publications

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“…In terms of chemical structures, marine metabolites are frequently halogenated in comparison to metabolites biosynthesized by non-marine microorganisms. Halogenated fungal metabolites reach 59.2% of metabolites isolated from marine fungi and, among these metabolites, several halogenated pigments of the azaphyllone class have been reported, as penicilazaphilones D ( 113 ) and E ( 114 ) isolated from Penicillium sclerotiorum ( Figure 13 ) [ 38 , 93 ]. It is noteworthy that fungal species isolated from marine environment can also be isolated from terrestrial sources, such as P. sclerotiorum , that, despite being isolated from soil, was also reported of being capable of producing halogenated derivatives ( 115 and 116 ) ( Figure 13 ) [ 94 , 95 ].…”

Section: Processing and Innovations In Azaphilones Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Findings in Azaphilone Pigments

Pimenta

Gomes

Cardoso

et al. 2021

JoF

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Filamentous fungi are known to biosynthesize an extraordinary range of azaphilones pigments with structural diversity and advantages over vegetal-derived colored natural products such agile and simple cultivation in the lab, acceptance of low-cost substrates, speed yield improvement, and ease of downstream processing. Modern genetic engineering allows industrial production, providing pigments with higher thermostability, water-solubility, and promising bioactivities combined with ecological functions. This review, covering the literature from 2020 onwards, focuses on the state-of-the-art of azaphilone dyes, the global market scenario, new compounds isolated in the period with respective biological activities, and biosynthetic pathways. Furthermore, we discussed the innovations of azaphilone cultivation and extraction techniques, as well as in yield improvement and scale-up. Potential applications in the food, cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and textile industries were also explored.

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Section: Processing and Innovations In Azaphilones Productionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recent Findings in Azaphilone Pigments

Pimenta

Gomes

Cardoso

et al. 2021

JoF

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“…As fungi represent a sustainable source of both compounds and enzymes with a large variety of metabolites produced, this review intends to focus on the different enzymatic classes of halogenation enzymes and the different halogenated metabolites which have been detected or described in fungi until today. The whole fungal kingdom will be investigated including both marine and terrestrial species, even if the marine environment seems to be more favourable to the production of halogenated metabolites [ 5 , 21 , 22 ]. For each enzyme class, its historical discovery will be developed, and the current knowledge level will be specified.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Halogenation in Fungi: What Do We Know and What Remains to Be Discovered?

et al. 2022

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In nature, living organisms produce a wide variety of specialized metabolites to perform many biological functions. Among these specialized metabolites, some carry halogen atoms on their structure, which can modify their chemical characteristics. Research into this type of molecule has focused on how organisms incorporate these atoms into specialized metabolites. Several families of enzymes have been described gathering metalloenzymes, flavoproteins, or S-adenosyl-L-methionine (SAM) enzymes that can incorporate these atoms into different types of chemical structures. However, even though the first halogenation enzyme was discovered in a fungus, this clade is still lagging behind other clades such as bacteria, where many enzymes have been discovered. This review will therefore focus on all halogenation enzymes that have been described in fungi and their associated metabolites by searching for proteins available in databases, but also by using all the available fungal genomes. In the second part of the review, the chemical diversity of halogenated molecules found in fungi will be discussed. This will allow the highlighting of halogenation mechanisms that are still unknown today, therefore, highlighting potentially new unknown halogenation enzymes.

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“…[ 12 ] The natural bioactive halogenated metabolites aroused the interest of synthetic scientists. However, due to the characteristics of being inefficient, poor in selectivity, and undesirable by‐products for traditional synthetic methods, [ 13‐14 ] enzyme reactions with good selectivity, mild reaction conditions, and high efficiency have received extensive attention in the past few decades. [ 15 ] Several representative halogenases are briefly summarized to explore the relationship between the diverse structural types and halogenation mechanisms.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…[ 3 ] The number of halogenated compounds derived from marine microorganisms occupies an important position. Considering the rapid discovery of new halogenated compounds from marine microorganisms in the last five years, [ 13 ] an updated review is needed. This article summarized the structural diversities and relevant biological activities of 316 halogenated compounds from marine‐derived microorganisms reported from January 2015 to May 2021.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Biological Activity of Halogenated Compounds Produced by Marine Microorganisms

et al. 2022

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Comprehensive Summary Natural products derived from marine microorganisms have been received great attention as a potential source of new compound entities for drug discovery. The unique marine environment brings us a large group of halogen‐containing natural products with abundant biological functionality and good drugability. Meanwhile, biosynthetically halogenated reactions are known as a significant strategy used to increase the pharmacological activities and pharmacokinetic properties of compounds. Given that a tremendous increase in the number of new halogenated compounds from marine microorganisms in the last five years, it is necessary to summarize these compounds with their diverse structures and promising bioactivities. In this review, we have summarized the chemistry, biosynthesis (related halogenases), and biological activity of a total of 316 naturally halogenated compounds from marine microorganisms covering the period of 2015 to May 2021. Those reviewed chlorinated and brominated compounds with the ratio of 9 : 1 were predominantly originated from 36 genera of fungi (62%) and 9 bacterial strains (38%) with cytotoxic, antibacterial, and enzyme inhibitory activities, structural types of which are polyketides (38%), alkaloids (27%), phenols (11%), and others. This review would provide a plenty variety of promising lead halogenated compounds for drug discovery and inspire the development of new pharmaceutical agents.

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A Review: Halogenated Compounds from Marine Fungi

Cited by 24 publications

References 117 publications

Recent Findings in Azaphilone Pigments

Recent Findings in Azaphilone Pigments

Halogenation in Fungi: What Do We Know and What Remains to Be Discovered?

Chemistry, Biosynthesis, and Biological Activity of Halogenated Compounds Produced by Marine Microorganisms

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