A Review of AC and DC Collection Grids for Offshore Renewable Energy with a Qualitative Evaluation for Marine Energy Resources

Abstract

Marine energy resources could be crucial in meeting the increased demand for clean electricity. To enable the use of marine energy resources, developing efficient and durable offshore electrical systems is vital. Currently, there are no large-scale commercial projects with marine energy resources, and the question of how to design such electrical systems is still not settled. A natural starting point in investigating this is to draw on experiences and research from offshore wind power. This article reviews different collection grid topologies and key components for AC and DC grid structures. The review covers aspects such as the type of components, operation and estimated costs of commercially available components. A DC collection grid can be especially suitable for offshore marine energy resources, since the transmission losses are expected to be lower, and the electrical components could possibly be made smaller. Therefore, five DC collection grid topologies are proposed and qualitatively evaluated for marine energy resources using submerged and non-submerged marine energy converters. The properties, advantages and disadvantages of the proposed topologies are discussed, and it is concluded that a suitable electrical system for a marine energy farm will most surely be based on a site-specific techno-economic analysis.

Gorilla tropical optimization algorithm solution for performance enhancement of offshore wind farm

“…Wind energy is fast increasing as a feasible alternative to conventional energy sources, and it has become one of the most widely used renewable energy sources. Onshore and offshore wind stations are the two types of wind energy sources available [5], depending on the location of the power station. Onshore wind stations are now more popular, but offshore power station sources are highly regarded because of the unused wind potential, greater wind conditions, and a shortage of suitable onshore sites.…”

Power-from-Shore Optioneering for Integration of Offshore Renewable Energy in Oil and Gas Production

“…The suitability of HVDC for applications such as bulk transmission and offshore interconnections is once more validated in [17], while the solutions and arrangements available are noted in [18]. The critical advantages of HVDC in this transmission range are the reduced cost and higher efficiency (reduced losses) as the distance and power rating increase, particularly past the GW range.…”

Expert System for Predictive Maintenance Transformer using J48 Algorithm

“…[4] Transformers change the voltage and current levels and make the transmission of electric power easier. [5] The primary winding of the transformer receives and transmits electrical power, and the secondary winding of the transformer receives electrical power. The primary and secondary voltages of the transformer are related in proportion to the turns ratio.…”

“…The result of the DGA Test is the total content of the 9 gases in ppm (parts per million). [5] The results of the DGA Test still need to be interpreted to get conclusions about the health condition and also possible problems with the transformer. The analysis technique of the DGA Test results uses the 2 most commonly used standards in the industry, namely IEEE C57.104TM -2008 : IEEE Guide for the Interpretation of Gases Generated in Oil-Immersed Transformer 446 and IEC 60599 : Mineral Oil-impregnated Electrical Equipment in Service -Guide to the Interpretation of Dissolved and Free Gas Analysis.…”