A Review of Aflatoxin M1, Milk, and Milk Products

Mohammadi, Hamid

doi:10.5772/24353

Cited by 36 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…For animals, high levels of aflatoxins can cause death. Chronic consumption of aflatoxins can be associated with decreased growth/production and reproductive issues (Binder et al, 2007;Mohammadi, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of aflatoxin B1 in maize and awareness of aflatoxins in Vietnam

Lee

Nguyen-Viet

Lindahl

et al. 2017

WMJ

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Vietnam is a tropical country with high temperature and precipitation, which may provide good conditions for fungal growth. A few limited studies have been conducted to evaluate the level of aflatoxin B 1 in maize in Vietnam. In addition, no studies have been conducted to evaluate the perception and knowledge of aflatoxins in Vietnam. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to determine the levels of aflatoxin B 1 for human and animal consumption in maize and evaluate perceptions and knowledge of aflatoxins among people across the country. A total of 2,370 samples were collected from six provinces and analysed using ELISA. Among collected samples, 799 samples (33.71%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 31.81-35.66%) and 687 samples (28.98%, 95%CI: 27.17-30.86%) had levels above 2 µg/kg and 5 µg/kg, respectively [range from below limit of detection (LOD) to 34.8 µg/kg; of the samples above LOD, the mean was 13.1 µg/kg and median was 11.2 µg/kg]. A total of 551 people were interviewed from 6 provinces. The survey showed that awareness of aflatoxins (question: Have you heard about aflatoxins?) in southern Vietnam [An Giang (25%), Dak Lak (23.23%) and Dong Nai (6%)] was relatively higher than in provinces in northern Vietnam. We believe that this analysed information can be useful to better understand the epidemiology of aflatoxins in different provinces. This study also produces evidence on potential risk to humans and animals in Vietnam as well as demographic factors (such as gender and level of education) significantly influencing knowledge of aflatoxins. In conclusion, this paper points to the importance of raising the awareness of the risks with aflatoxins, bearing in mind the gender aspect during capacity development.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A survey of aflatoxin B1 in maize and awareness of aflatoxins in Vietnam

Lee

Nguyen-Viet

Lindahl

et al. 2017

WMJ

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“…Testing in animal laboratory indicated that AFM1 has a similar toxicity and carcinogenicity to AFB1 (Van Egmond, 1989). The presence of AFM1 in milk and the consumption of milk and milk products are then the principal ways by which aflatoxin is introduced to the human diet (Galvano et al, 1998;Mohammadi, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carry-Over of Aflatoxin B1-Feed Into Aflatoxin M1-Milk in Dairy Cows Treated With Natural Sources of Aflatoxin and Bentonite

Sumantri

Murti

Poel

et al. 2012

J. Indonesian Trop. Anim. Agric.

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ABSTRAKPenelitian bertujuan untuk mempelajari karakteristik Carry-over Rate (COR) aflatoksin B1 (AFB1) pakan menjadi aflatoksin M1 (AFM1) susu pada sapi Peranakan Friesian Holstein (PFH) yang mendapatkan pakan terkontaminasi secara alami oleh AFB1 serta inklusi bentonit alam sebagai adsorben. Rancangan penelitian bujur sangkar Latin 4x4 dilakukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh perlakuan terhadap peubah konsentrasi AFM1 susu, COR, konsumsi nutrien, produksi susu dan komposisi susu. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa AFM1 telah dieksresikan pada sampel pemerahan pertama atau sekitar 10 jam setelah ternak mengkonsumsi pakan mengandung AFB1. Ekskresi AFM1 susu pada konsentrasi yang konstan teramati sejak hari pertama periode perlakuan dan cemaran AFM1 masih ditemukan hingga hari ke 5 setelah ternak tidak mendapatkan perlakuan. Pada penelitian ini diperoleh nilai COR sebesar 0,1%. Konsentrasi AFM1 sangat dipengaruhi (P<0,01) oleh perlakuan, meskipun demikian tidak berpengaruh nyata (P>0,05) terhadap nilai COR, konsumsi nutrien, serta produksi dan komposisi susu. Disimpulkan bahwa konsentrasi AFM1 susu dipengaruhi oleh tingkat konsumsi AFB1 pakan dan COR pada sapi PFH lebih rendah dibandingkan nilai COR yang dilaporkan oleh peneliti sebelumnya untuk sapi perah di daerah sub tropis.Kata kunci: Aflatoksin B1, aflatoksin M1, carry-over rate aflatoxin, pakan tercemar AFB1 ABSTRACTHigh occurrence of aflatoxin contamination in feed stuffs implicates for a long time experience of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) exposure to dairy cattle in Indonesia. A latin square 4X4 research design was adopted to study the characteristic of AFB1 carry-over rate (COR) of Indonesian crossbred Friesian Holstein (PFH) as effects of inclusions of AFB1-naturally contaminated feed and bentonite in the diet. Results showed a rapid aflatoxin M1 (AFM1) excretion in the milk, detected in the first milking sample or 10 hours after AFB1 ingestion. The steady state of AFM1 concentration observed since the first day of treatment period and AFM1 contamination was still detected until 5 days after AFB1 removed from the diet. The COR in this study was observed 0.1%. AFM1 concentration was highly significantly (P<0.01) affected by treatments. However, there were no significant effects (P>0.05) of levels of AFB1 and bentonite inclusions on the COR, nutrients intake, milk production, and milk composition. IIt is concluded that AFM1 concentration was influenced by AFB1 intake and that transfer of AFB1-feed into AFM1-milk (COR) in PFH cow was lower compare to reported COR value for dairy cow in sub tropical region.

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“…In a metaanalysis of transition rates, Pettersson (29) found that the CO rate of AFB1 to milk was between 0.18- that milk yield is the major factor affecting the AFM1 excretion. Thus, higher milk yield results in higher AFM1 excretion (8,14,15 A seasonal effect of aflatoxin M1 concentration has been reported in some studies, in which it was observed a higher concentration of AFM1 in cold seasons than in hot seasons because farmers tend to use higher amounts of compound feeds in winter (34). In other words, animals consume less concentrated feeds in summer because they also graze on pasture.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Determination of Aflatoxin Levels of Feeds Used in Dairy Cow Farms and Their Effects on Blood Parameters and Milk Aflatoxin Levels in Hatay Province

Polat¹,

Aksu²

2015

Atatürk Üniversitesi Vet. Bil. Derg.

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Abstract:In the study, AFB1 and total aflatoxin levels of roughages and concentrates from twenty dairy farms in Hatay, AFB1 carry over rate (CO) from feed to milk as AFM1 and correlation between total aflatoxin intake and blood parameters were investigated. In none of the roughage samples, AFB1 levels was over 5 ppb while the concentrates of 9 farms were found to be above 5 ppb legal limit. The average AFB1 levels of concentrates and roughages, and the average AFB1 intake were 4.496 ppb, 1.282 ppb and, 15.987 µg/day, respectively. A total of one hundred milk samples were collected by taking five dairy cows from each farm. The two of milk samples were found to be exceeded the level of 0.05 ppb of the AFM1 level that is the statutory limit in Turkey. The average AFM1 level of the farms was 0.0214 ppb and none exceeded the legal limit. The average CO rate of farms was found to be 2.66%. The correlation coefficients were not significant between total aflatoxins intake and blood parameters. As a result, the AFM1 excretion in milk was related to AFB1 intake and milk yield. In dairy cows, a daily intake of AFB1 37.3 µg at maximum level should not be exceeded to stay in the statutory limit for AFM1 in milk.Keywords: AFB1, AFM1, Blood Parameters, HPLC, Total Aflatoxin. Hatay İli Süt İneği İşletmelerinde Kullanılan Yemlerin Aflatoksin Düzeylerinin Belirlenmesi ve Bu Yemlerin Kan Parametreleri ile Sütteki Aflatoksin Düzeyleri Üzerine EtkisiÖz: Araştırmada, Hatay ilinde faaliyet gösteren 20 süt sığırı işletmesinde kullanılan kaba ve konsantre yemlerde AFB1 ve total aflatoksin düzeyleri, yemle tüketilen AFB1'in süte taşınma oranı (SO) ve alınan total aflatoksin düzeyleri ile kan parametreleri arasındaki korelasyon incelendi. Dokuz işletmede konsantre yem AFB1 düzeyi 5 ppb üzerinde yer alırken, kaba yem örneklerinin hiçbirinde AFB1 miktarı 5 ppb düzeyini aşmadı. Konsantre ve kaba yemlerdeki ortalama AFB1 düzeyi ile ortalama AFB1 tüketimi sırasıyla 4.496 ppb, 1.282 ppb ve 15.987 µg/gün olarak tespit edildi. Her işletmeden 5 baş süt sığırı olmak üzere toplam 100 baş hayvandan süt örnekleri alındı. İncelenen süt örneklerinden sadece ikisinde AFM1 miktarı Türkiye için yasal limit olan 0.05 ppb üzerinde tespit edildi. İşletmelerin ortalama AFM1 düzeyi 0.0214 ppb olarak tespit edilirken, hiçbir işletmenin ortalama AFM1 miktarı yasal limiti aşmadı. Süte AFM1 taşınma oranı ortalama % 2.66 olarak belirlendi. Yemle alınan total aflatoksin miktarları ile kan parametreleri arasındaki korelasyon katsayıları önemsiz bulundu. Sonuç olarak, sütle AFM1 atılımının süt verimi ve yem tüketimi ile bağlantılı olduğu ve sütte yasal AFM1 düzeyinin aşılmaması için sütçü ineklerde günlük 37.3 µg'ın altında AFB1 tüketilmesi gerektiği sonucuna varıldı.

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A Review of Aflatoxin M1, Milk, and Milk Products

Cited by 36 publications

References 81 publications

A survey of aflatoxin B1 in maize and awareness of aflatoxins in Vietnam

A survey of aflatoxin B1 in maize and awareness of aflatoxins in Vietnam

Carry-Over of Aflatoxin B1-Feed Into Aflatoxin M1-Milk in Dairy Cows Treated With Natural Sources of Aflatoxin and Bentonite

Determination of Aflatoxin Levels of Feeds Used in Dairy Cow Farms and Their Effects on Blood Parameters and Milk Aflatoxin Levels in Hatay Province

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